Review Article
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Michael R. Hamblin
Abstract
Despite the wide use of conventional antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, bacteria have now become resistant to many antibiotics and other antibacterial agents. This resistance is heritable and allows the spread of intractable bacterial infections, which is one of the biggest health challenges ...
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Despite the wide use of conventional antibiotics to treat bacterial infections, bacteria have now become resistant to many antibiotics and other antibacterial agents. This resistance is heritable and allows the spread of intractable bacterial infections, which is one of the biggest health challenges encountered around the world. This issue has led to the search for new therapeutic antibacterial agents. In the last few decades, nanomaterials, especially metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, have gained much attention due to their advatageous properties, including large surface-to-volume ratio and high antimicrobial activity. Among various metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, copper oxide nanoparticles have been particularly investigated owing to their biocompatibility and antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Several antibacterial mechanisms have been proposed for copper oxide nanoparticles, among which their interaction with bacterial deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid is considered important. These nanoparticles can disrupt the accuracy of DNA replication by changing in the DNA sequence that result in differences in the target sequences bound by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. This mini-review discusses this interaction according to recent studies.
Review Article
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Michael R. Hamblin
Abstract
Various microorganisms are located on the human skin, mucous membrane and inside the human body. Many of these microorganisms are beneficial and few are even essential, however some pathogens are known to cause infection and have the ability to attack and damage the host tissue. Treatment of infectious ...
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Various microorganisms are located on the human skin, mucous membrane and inside the human body. Many of these microorganisms are beneficial and few are even essential, however some pathogens are known to cause infection and have the ability to attack and damage the host tissue. Treatment of infectious bacterial disease by antibiotics is one of the major conventional strategies. Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria have developed resiastance to conventional antibiotics by various mechanisms, including overexpression of efflux pumps, prventing drug penetration into the cells, genetic mutations, increased production of competitive inhibitors of antibiotics, or overexpression of enzymes that inactivate or hydrolyze antibiotics. Consequently, finding a new approach to overcome these hindrances is vital for treatment of severe bacterial infections. Nanomaterials can be effective therapeutic compounds, with unique properties compared to bulk materials. Metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, particularly silver nanoparticles, have demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against most (if not all) multidrug-resistant bacteria. Several antibacterial mechanisms have been proposed for these nanoparticles, however their interaction with bacterial nucleic acids is not completely understood, so this review discusses recent advances in this area.
Original Article
Medical
Hateme Alavi; Farzaneh Zaheri; Reza Ghanei-Gheshlagh; Roonak Shahoei
Abstract
Childbirth is one of the most important experiences in the life of mothers, which can bring tensions and worries due to physical and psychological changes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the amount of support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth in mothers ...
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Childbirth is one of the most important experiences in the life of mothers, which can bring tensions and worries due to physical and psychological changes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the amount of support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth in mothers who were referred to comprehensive health centers in Bijar County, 2019. In this descriptive-analytical study, the studied population consisted of all the mothers who were referred to the comprehensive health centers of Bijar, who had passed 28 days after giving birth. The participants in the study were available to choose and completed the questionnaires for support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 22 and multiple regression statistical tests, and a significance level of p<0.05 was considered. The results of the study showed that the level of support and control during childbirth was 83.32±17.038 and the level of attachment after birth was 47.70±4.688. Also, the results of the study showed that none of the investigated demographic variables were related to support and control during childbirth. The type of delivery (vaginal delivery with episiotomy r=-2.226, p=0.012) and the baby's gender (r=9.927, p=0.047) were related to support and control during delivery. Also, the results showed that among the demographic variables examined with attachment after birth, the variable of income (equal to monthly expenses r=6.307, p=0.01) had a positive and significant relationship with attachment after birth. The findings showed that support and control are at a moderate level and attachment after birth are at an average level, so it seems that with the necessary training on the importance of mother and child attachment to medical personnel, an effective step can be taken to improve these two factors and their consequences.
Review Article
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Michael R. Hamblin; Ermia Aghaie; Seyed Ali Reza Mousavi; Mohammad Hajimolaali
Abstract
There are up to one million secondary metabolites found in plant species, some of which may have desirable therapeutic activities. Among these secondary metabolites, catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are natural phenolic compounds with promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity. ...
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There are up to one million secondary metabolites found in plant species, some of which may have desirable therapeutic activities. Among these secondary metabolites, catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate are natural phenolic compounds with promising antioxidant and antibacterial activity. However, these compounds have disadvantages of poor solubility and low bioavailability in physiological conditions, along with side effects in patients. Therefore new strategies could rely on formulations with other synthetic and natural materials. Nanoformulations of secondary metabolites could be new efficient strategies to treat many chronic bacterial infections. Combinations and conjugates of catechin, gallic acid, and epigallocatechin-3-gallate with various antibiotics could reduce the dose of these compounds, increase their antibacterial activity, and decrease cytotoxicity against healthy cells. For instance, a smart combination of two or more secondary metabolites may improve therapeutic applications in physiological conditions. In this regard, the growth of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, specifically multidrug-resistant bacteria with overexpression of efflux pumps and expression of the penicillinase enzyme, has been inhibited significantly. According to recent investigations, this review will discuss the advances and challenges of new micro and nanoformulations of these natural products.
Short communication
Biochemistry
Huda Kadhim Jaafer; Melike BİLGİ KAMAC; Abdulnasser Mohammed Abdullah Mohammed Abdullah
Abstract
This study aims to study the effect of thyroid hormones on some biochemical tests of liver function in Iraqi male patients and to study the relationship between them. A controlled study included 135 samples from patients and controls, group B, 45 patients with a liver disorder, group C: 45 patients with ...
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This study aims to study the effect of thyroid hormones on some biochemical tests of liver function in Iraqi male patients and to study the relationship between them. A controlled study included 135 samples from patients and controls, group B, 45 patients with a liver disorder, group C: 45 patients with a thyroid disorder, and group A: 45 healthy people (as the controls group). The study concluded that there were significant statistically significant differences for patients with liver disease, as well as for patients who suffer from abnormalities in the functions of the thyroid gland. For triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), there was clear importance and a slight impact for patients with liver disease. Because of the defect in the liver enzymes, this led to an increase in the TSB percentage, which increased significantly. Alkaline and Albumin levels indicate statistical significance within the results of our study. Serum protein levels had no significant changes in our study.
Review Article
Medical
Namrata Malik; Umesh Pravin Dhuldhaj
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of coronavirus turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge socio-economic and human losses becoming a public health emergency. It tookjust 3-4 months to spread and encroach all over the world and not even a single country is left which were unaffected from coronavirus. WHO started ...
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The sudden outbreak of coronavirus turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge socio-economic and human losses becoming a public health emergency. It tookjust 3-4 months to spread and encroach all over the world and not even a single country is left which were unaffected from coronavirus. WHO started clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory investigations in response to this outbreak to control the further spread of the virus. This study is to understand how SARS-CoV-2 spread globally causing pandemic and accurate approaches for COVID-19 treatment. The coronaviruses are enveloped and pleomorphic. The spike proteins present on the virus surface mediate its entry into host cells. The vaccines recommended have been shown to reduce COVID-19 illness symptoms but somehow their role in the transmission of the disease is unclear.By contrast, immunomodulatory therapy has also benefitted patients. As long as SARS-CoV-2 spreads in the population there are chances of its mutation as RNA viruses mutate over time and its upcoming variants. The previous Delta variant and the latest Omicron variant may cause much more serious deaths and health issues. Variants reduce the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies or antibodies generated by previously administered vaccines.This review focuses on the pathogenicity of coronavirus and various drug therapies available to date to cure the disease. The present study also highlights the target sites and side effects of available drugs for treating COVID-19.
Original Article
Medical
Ali Reza Mirzaei; Mohammad Javad Heidari
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the RNA level. MicroRNAs have positive regulatory effects on protein translation processes and often induce their performance by binding to the 3'-UTR mRNA region. Also, microRNAs are involved in various cellular ...
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MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the RNA level. MicroRNAs have positive regulatory effects on protein translation processes and often induce their performance by binding to the 3'-UTR mRNA region. Also, microRNAs are involved in various cellular processes, including development, cell division, cell signaling, and cell growth, and generally play an effective role in the cell cycle and control of physiological processes and cell pathology. Several studies confirm that microRNAs play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer, and many of them act as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. On the other hand, microRNAs are important stimulating factors that can act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of various types of cancer, and in many cases, the occurrence of mutations in microRNAs and open-reading templates can lead to cancer. MicroRNAs also play an effective role in regulating gene expression. Biological studies have shown that about 30% of all genes and the majority of genetic pathways are regulated by microRNAs. In general, microRNAs and their target molecules are potential biological goals for primary screening, targeted treatment, and pharmaceutical resistance, and identifying them provides a clear prospect for a better understanding of the pathways leading to cancer.
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