Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 Department of Basic Science, College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
2 Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
Abstract
Autism is a very common problem in childhood, especially in boys, and no marker or special test for helping early diagnosis. Androgen, vasopressin and apelin levels are neuropeptides that have been included in a wide range of functions of the brain and the abnormal levels detected and studied in many psychiatric disorders. Aimed to assess salivary levels of androgen, vasopressin and apelin in the autistic male mild and moderate divide in the first and second groups according to age (6-10 and 10- 13 years old) and compared to the normal boys group. Forty-five autistic boys mild and moderate in two groups according to age (6-10 and 10-13years old) were diagnosed early by the specialist child psychiatrist, and 45 healthy normal children were free of neurological and psychiatric disorders were enrolled in this study, saliva samples were gathered, and send for those hormones levels examinations which measured by using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (IELISA). Results were analyzed using a special statistic program (SPSS version 18). The mean salivary androgen level was significantly increased in the autistic group than that of the control, also it was found a highly significant increase of salivary androgen levels in the older age group between 6 to 10 years old than in the age group from 10 to 13 years. The mean vasopressin level in Saliva was decreased in the whole autistic group compared to the control, but there was a significant increase in the mean vasopressin level in the older age group 10-< years than in the younger age group. Mean salivary apelin level was a highly significant increase in autistic children compared to control and didn’t find statistically significant differences between the age groups of autistic children according to the apelin level in saliva. The levels of these hormones are altered in autistic boys than the normal behavior boys, there is a significant correlation (p<0.05)between vasopressin and androgen with simple linear regression.
Graphical Abstract
)
Keywords
Main Subjects
Selected author of this article by journal
University of Baghdad
Open Access
This article is licensed under a CC BY License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Publisher’s Note
CMBR journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afflictions.
Letters to Editor
Given that CMBR Journal's policy in accepting articles will be strict and will do its best to ensure that in addition to having the highest quality published articles, the published articles should have the least similarity (maximum 15%). Also, all the figures and tables in the article must be original and the copyright permission of images must be prepared by authors. However, some articles may have flaws and have passed the journal filter, which dear authors may find fault with. Therefore, the editor of the journal asks the authors, if they see an error in the published articles of the journal, to email the article information along with the documents to the journal office.
CMBR Journal welcomes letters to the editor ([email protected], [email protected]) for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Critical letters can be sent to the journal editor as soon as the article is online. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.
[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] There is no limit to the number of words in a letter.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.
[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include Name, Email Address, Affiliation, mobile phone number, and Comments.
[7] Letters will be answered as soon as possible.
- APA (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). The American Psychiatric Association. American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. doi:https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
- Baxter AJ, Brugha T, Erskine HE, Scheurer RW, Vos T, Scott JG (2015) The epidemiology and global burden of autism spectrum disorders. Psychological medicine 45 (3): 601-613. doi: https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171400172X
- Hashem S, Nisar S, Bhat AA, Yadav SK, Azeem MW, Bagga P, Fakhro K, Reddy R, Frenneaux MP, Haris M (2020) Genetics of structural and functional brain changes in autism spectrum disorder. Translational psychiatry 10 (1): 229. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-020-00921-3
- Schwarz E, Guest PC, Rahmoune H, Wang L, Levin Y, Ingudomnukul E, Ruta L, Kent L, Spain M, Baron-Cohen S (2011) Sex-specific serum biomarker patterns in adults with Asperger's syndrome. Molecular psychiatry 16 (12): 1213-1220. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2010.102
- Lukas M, Toth I, Reber SO, Slattery DA, Veenema AH, Neumann ID (2011) The neuropeptide oxytocin facilitates pro-social behavior and prevents social avoidance in rats and mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 36 (11): 2159-2168. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.95
- Tareen RS, Kamboj MK (2012) Role of endocrine factors in autistic spectrum disorders. Pediatric Clinics 59 (1): 75-88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2011.10.013
- Gasser BA, Kurz J, Dick B, Mohaupt MG (2019) Steroid metabolites support evidence of autism as a spectrum. Behavioral Sciences 9 (5): 52. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs9050052
- Wilczyński KM, Zasada I, Siwiec A, Janas-Kozik M (2019) Differences in oxytocin and vasopressin levels in individuals suffering from the autism spectrum disorders vs general population–a systematic review. Neuropsychiatric disease and treatment 2019: 2613-2620. doi: https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S207580
- Majewska MD, Hill M, Urbanowicz E, Rok-Bujko P, Bieńkowski P, Namysłowska I, Mierzejewski P (2014) Marked elevation of adrenal steroids, especially androgens, in saliva of prepubertal autistic children. European child & adolescent psychiatry 23: 485-498. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-013-0472-0
- Zhang H-F, Dai Y-C, Wu J, Jia M-X, Zhang J-S, Shou X-J, Han S-P, Zhang R, Han J-S (2016) Plasma oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin levels in children with autism spectrum disorder in China: associations with symptoms. Neuroscience bulletin 32: 423-432. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12264-016-0046-5
- Long M, Ghisari M, Kjeldsen L, Wielsøe M, Nørgaard-Pedersen B, Mortensen EL, Abdallah MW, Bonefeld-Jørgensen EC (2019) Autism spectrum disorders, endocrine disrupting compounds, and heavy metals in amniotic fluid: a case-control study. Molecular autism 10: 1-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s13229-018-0253-1
- Young LJ, Nilsen R, Waymire KG, MacGregor GR, Insel TR (1999) Increased affiliative response to vasopressin in mice expressing the V1a receptor from a monogamous vole. Nature 400 (6746): 766-768. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/23475
- Voinsky I, Bennuri SC, Svigals J, Frye RE, Rose S, Gurwitz D (2019) Peripheral blood mononuclear cell oxytocin and vasopressin receptor expression positively correlates with social and behavioral function in children with autism. Scientific Reports 9 (1): 13443. doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-49617-9
- Burak Acikel S, Artik A, Hosoglu E, Hümeyra Yerlikaya F (2022) Serum Apelin-13 Levels Are Decreased Among Adolescents Diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder. Psychiatria Danubina 34 (4): 677-681. doi: https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2022.677
- Tatemoto K, Hosoya M, Habata Y, Fujii R, Kakegawa T, Zou M-X, Kawamata Y, Fukusumi S, Hinuma S, Kitada C (1998) Isolation and characterization of a novel endogenous peptide ligand for the human APJ receptor. Biochemical and biophysical research communications 251 (2): 471-476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1006/bbrc.1998.9489
- Newson MJ, Pope GR, Roberts EM, Lolait SJ, O'Carroll A-M (2013) Stress-dependent and gender-specific neuroregulatory roles of the apelin receptor in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis response to acute stress. The Journal of endocrinology 216 (1): 99. doi: https://doi.org/10.1530%2FJOE-12-0375
- Al-Mizraqchi AS (2023) Anti-microbial activity of Green Tea Extracts and Nicotine on the Growth, Biofilm Formation of Salivary Mutans Streptococci (In-vitro study). Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 65 (2): 122-128. doi: https://doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.2024
- Ferri SL, Abel T, Brodkin ES (2018) Sex differences in autism spectrum disorder: a review. Current psychiatry reports 20: 1-17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-018-0874-2
- Ostatníková D, Pastor K, Putz Z, Dohnányiová M, Mat'ašeje A, Hampl R (2002) Salivary testosterone levels in preadolescent children. BMC pediatrics 2 (1): 1-5. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2431-2-5
- Donbaloğlu Z, Tuhan H, Çoban ÖG, Kızılay DÖ, İsmailoğlu E, Önder A, Acar S, Bedel A, Çetiner EB, Singin B (2022) Hyperandrogenism correlates with psychological symptoms in adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Clinical Pediatric Endocrinology 31 (2): 68-76. doi: https://doi.org/10.1297/cpe.2022-0010
- Gasser BA, Buerki SF, Kurz J, Mohaupt MG (2021) Hyperandrogenism? Increased 17, 20-lyase activity? A metanalysis and systematic review of altered androgens in boys and girls with autism. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (22): 12324. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222212324
- Coscini N, Williams K, Chew D, Pang KC, O’Connell MA, May T (2021) Association between early androgens and autistic traits: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 85: 101789. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rasd.2021.101789
- Zito S, Nosari G, Pigoni A, Moltrasio C, Delvecchio G (2023) Association between testosterone levels and mood disorders: A minireview. Journal of Affective Disorders 330: 48-56. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.02.108
- Giwercman A, Sahlin KB, Pla Parada I, Pawlowski K, Fehninger C, Lundberg Giwercman Y, Leijonhufvud I, Appelqvist R, Marko-Varga G, Sanchez A, Malm J (2022) Novel protein markers of androgen activity in humans: proteomic study of plasma from young chemically castrated men. Elife 11. doi: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.74638
- Gurrala RR, Kumar T, Yoo A, Mundinger GS, Womac DJ, Lau FH (2023) The Impact of Exogenous Testosterone on Breast Cancer Risk in Transmasculine Individuals. Annals of plastic surgery 90 (1): 96-105. doi: https://doi.org/10.1097/sap.0000000000003321
- Yon-Hernandez JA, Canal-Bedia R, Wojcik DZ, Garcia-Garcia L, Fernandez-Alvarez C, Palacio-Duque S, Franco-Martin MA (2023) Executive functions in daily living skills: A study in adults with autism spectrum disorder. Frontiers in psychology 14: 1109561. doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1109561
- Al-Ayadhi LY (2005) Altered oxytocin and vasopressin levels in autistic children in Central Saudi Arabia. Neurosciences Journal 10 (1): 47-50. doi:
- Boso M, Emanuele E, Politi P, Pace A, Arra M, di Nemi SU, Barale F (2007) Reduced plasma apelin levels in patients with autistic spectrum disorder. Archives of medical research 38 (1): 70-74. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arcmed.2006.08.003
- Miller M, Bales KL, Taylor SL, Yoon J, Hostetler CM, Carter CS, Solomon M (2013) Oxytocin and vasopressin in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: sex differences and associations with symptoms. Autism Research 6 (2): 91-102. doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/aur.1270
- Oztan O, Jackson LP, Libove RA, Sumiyoshi RD, Phillips JM, Garner JP, Hardan AY, Parker KJ (2018) Biomarker discovery for disease status and symptom severity in children with autism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 89: 39-45. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.12.022
- Bilgiç A, Toker A, Uysal S (2016) Exploratory study to evaluate plasma vasopressin and apelin‐13 levels in children with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences 70 (10): 442-447. doi: https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12415
- Gok Oguz E, Akoglu H, Ulusal Okyay G, Yayar O, Karaveli Gursoy G, Buyukbakkal M, Canbakan B, Ayli MD (2016) Serum apelin is associated with affective disorders in peritoneal dialysis patients. Renal Failure 38 (7): 1059-1066. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/0886022X.2016.1193873
- Tian S-W, Xu F, Gui S-J (2018) Apelin-13 reverses memory impairment and depression-like behavior in chronic social defeat stressed rats. Peptides 108: 1-6. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2018.08.009
- Bullich S, de Souto Barreto P, Dortignac A, He L, Dray C, Valet P, Guiard B (2022) Apelin controls emotional behavior in age-and metabolic state-dependent manner. Psychoneuroendocrinology 140: 105711. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105711
- Groschl M (2008) Current status of salivary hormone analysis. Clinical chemistry 54 (11): 1759-1769. doi: https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.108910
- Hill M, Lapčı́k O, Havlıková H, Morfin R, Hampl R (2001) 7-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone epimers in human serum and saliva: Comparison of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and radioimmunoassay. Journal of Chromatography A 935 (1-2): 297-307. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01106-2
- Vining RF, McGinley RA, Symons RG (1983) Hormones in saliva: mode of entry and consequent implications for clinical interpretation. Clinical chemistry 29 (10): 1752-1756. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/29.10.1752
- Parker Jr CR (1999) Dehydroepiandrosterone and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate production in the human adrenal during development and aging. Steroids 64 (9): 640-647. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/s0039-128x(99)00046-x
)