Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Biosafety Society of Iran

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement

Ethical Oversight

Open Access Policy, and Assignment - CC BY

Repository policy

Publisher’S Note

Informed Consent

Guiding Principles for Research Involving Animals and Human Beings

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Copyright and license

CrossMark Policy

Journal Metrics

FAQ

News

Related Links

Responsibility of the Editor

Editorial Policies (Appeals and Complaints)

Guidelines for Guest Editors

Web of Science Profile (for Editing)

Reviewers

Responsibility of Reviewers

Peer Review Process

Peer Review Policy

Web of Science Profile (for reviewing)

Instructions for Authors

Responsibility of the Author

Plagiarism and Similarity Rates

Responding to Allegations of Possible Misconduct

Responses to Possible Misconduct

Permanency of Articles

Data Sharing Policy

Data Citation

Article Processing Charges and Publication Fee

Authors Benefits

Practical Guide to the SI Units

A Systematic review on the status of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes in Nigeria; the year 2000 – 2022

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Biological Science Technology, School of Science Technology, Federal Polytechnic Mubi, PMB 035 Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

2 Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Adamawa State University Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria

3 Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sconces, Modibbo Adama University Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria

Abstract

This systematic review appraised the current status of DEC in Nigeria from the year 2000 to August 2022 with regards to their prevalence, pathotypes distribution, and dominance within the 6 geopolitical zones. Three research databases (AJOL, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were explored for articles of interest. From the outcome of the search, 19 full-length research articles from January 2000 to August 2022 that described the prevalence of DEC by molecular technique were recruited into the study. The results show that the studies of DEC were higher in the southern (52.63%) than in the northern (47.37%) region. Based on specimen types, 47.37% (9/19) and 52.63% (10/19) articles documented DEC from non-clinical and clinical sources, respectively. From the clinical sources, 70% of the studies targeted children of less than five years of age for the detection of DEC. The mean prevalence of DEC in Nigeria stands at 18.8%. The regional prevalence varies with the highest in the SW (32.57%) and the lowest in the NC (10.07%). The relationship between the prevalence of DEC to age group, gender, sample sources (clinical or non-clinical), study design (experimental and control groups), and regional differences were examined using odd ratios and chi-square statistics. Significance differences (P=0.0001) were obtained for all the parameters except gender which shows a lack of significant difference (P=0.1129). The most prevalent DEC pathotype was EAEC pathovar (44.62%) and the least was DAEC (2.23%). The regional distribution of the DEC pathotypes varies with the type of sample (clinical and non-clinical). Hybrid pathotypes were detected and constitute 4.89 % of the total DEC detected. The most prominent hybrid detected was EAEC/ETEC (39.13%). In that order, the DEC pathotypes were mostly resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline, but were mostly susceptible to imipenem, gentamycin, and ofloxacin. We, therefore, advocate regular or periodic surveillance of DEC, and their drug resistance pattern, which will be useful to clinical personnel in their choice of a treatment regimen.  

Graphical Abstract

A Systematic review on the status of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli (DEC) pathotypes in Nigeria; the year 2000 – 2022

Keywords

Main Subjects

Full Text

Selected author of this article by journal

Dr. Musa Yakubu Tula
Federal Polytechnic Mubi
Google Scholar

Open Access

This article is licensed under a CC BY License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

 

Publisher’s Note

CMBR journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afflictions.

 

Letters to Editor

Given that CMBR Journal's policy in accepting articles will be strict and will do its best to ensure that in addition to having the highest quality published articles, the published articles should have the least similarity (maximum 15%). Also, all the figures and tables in the article must be original and the copyright permission of images must be prepared by authors. However, some articles may have flaws and have passed the journal filter, which dear authors may find fault with. Therefore, the editor of the journal asks the authors, if they see an error in the published articles of the journal, to email the article information along with the documents to the journal office.

CMBR Journal welcomes letters to the editor ([email protected], [email protected]) for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Critical letters can be sent to the journal editor as soon as the article is online. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.

[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.

[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.

[3] There is no limit to the number of words in a letter.

[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.

[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.

[6] Letter writers must include Name, Email Address, Affiliation, mobile phone number, and Comments.

[7] Letters will be answered as soon as possible.

References
  1. Afolabi O, Saka A, Ojuawo A (2019) Acute diarrhoea in hospitalized under-five children in Ilorin, Nigeria: Relationship between isolated enteropathogens and clinical outcome. Nigerian Journal of Paediatrics 46 (4): 182–188-182–188. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njp.v46i4.5
  2. Nascimento DdSF, Martins ALO, Schuelter-Trevisol F (2015) Incidence of acute diarrhea among children aged 0-1 year in Southern Brazil, 2012. Archives of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 3 (4): e28054. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.5812/pedinfect.28054
  3. Peter A, Umar U (2018) Combating diarrhoea in Nigeria: the way forward. J Microbiol Exp 6 (4): 191-197. doi:https://doi.org10.15406/jmen.2018.06.00213
  4. Adugna A, Kibret M, Abera B, Nibret E, Adal M (2015) Antibiogram of E. coli serotypes isolated from children aged under five with acute diarrhea in Bahir Dar town. African health sciences 15 (2): 656-664. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v15i2.45
  5. Podewils LJ, Mintz ED, Nataro JP, Parashar UD Acute, infectious diarrhea among children in developing countries. In: Seminars in pediatric infectious diseases, 2004. vol 3. Elsevier, p 155. doi:https://doi.org/10.1053/j.spid.2004.05.008
  6. Abdullahi HI, Umar A, Saleh KJ (2021) Prevalence of Diarrheagenic Bacteria in Stool Samples of Adult Patients Attending Dutsin-Ma General Hospital, Katsina State, Northwestern Nigeria. International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health): 41-48. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/IJTDH/2021/v42i2330563
  7. Valizadeh M, Beigomi M, Fazeli-Nasab B (2020) Antibacterial and Anti biofilm effects of ethanol and aceton leaf extract of Momordica charantia and Tecomella undulata against Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Adv Biol Biomed Res 8 (4): 403-418. doi:https://doi.org/10.33945/sami/ijabbr.2020.4.6
  8. Fooladvand Z, Fazeli-nasab B (2014) Antibacterial activities of Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl. extract against eight bacteria. Journal of Herbal Drugs (An International Journal on Medicinal Herbs) 5 (1): 13-18
  9. Prah I, Ayibieke A, Nguyen TTH, Iguchi A, Mahazu S, Sato W, Hayashi T, Yamaoka S, Suzuki T, Iwanaga S (2021) Virulence Profiles of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli Isolated from the Western Region of Ghana. Japanese Journal of Infectious Diseases 74 (2): 115-121. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7883/yoken.JJID.2020.356
  10. Kaper J, Nataro J, Mobley H (2004) Nature reviews. Microbiology. Nat Rev Microbiol 2 (2): 123-140. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro818
  11. Saka HK, Dabo NT, Muhammad B, García-Soto S, Ugarte-Ruiz M, Alvarez J (2019) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes from children younger than 5 years in Kano State, Nigeria. Frontiers in public health 7): 348. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00348
  12. Onanuga A, Igbeneghu O, Lamikanra A (2014) A study of the prevalence of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli in children from Gwagwalada, Federal Capital Territory, Nigeria. The pan african medical journal 17). doi:https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2014.17.146.3369
  13. Abimiku R, Ngwai Y, Nkene I, Bassey B, Tsaku P, Ibrahim T, Tama S, Ishaleku D, Pennap G (2019) Molecular Diversity and extended spectrum beta-lactamase resistance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from patients attending selected health care facilities in Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Molecular Diversity 3 (1):
  14. Ifeanyi CIC, Ikeneche NF, Bassey BE, Al-Gallas N, Aissa RB, Boudabous A (2015) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children with diarrhea in the Federal Capital Territory Abuja, Nigeria. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 9 (02): 165-174. doi:https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.5582
  15. David EE, Yameen MA, Igwenyi IO, Okafor AC, Obeten UN, Obasi DO, Ezeilo UR, David Ch N (2020) The frequency of virulent genes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from stools of children presenting with diarrhea in a tertiary hospital in Abakaliki, Nigeria. Int J One Health 6): 147-152. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/IJOH.2020.147-152
  16. David E, Yameen M, Igwenyi I, Okafor A, Obeten U, Obasi D, Ezeilo U, Emeribole M, David C (2021) Multi-drug resistance and biofilm production among diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from stools of children with acute diarrheal disease. Инфекция и иммунитет 11 (5): 958-964
  17. Nweze E (2010) Aetiology of diarrhoea and virulence properties of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli among patients and healthy subjects in southeast Nigeria. Journal of health, population, and nutrition 28 (3): 245. doi:https://doi.org/10.3329/jhpn.v28i3.5551
  18. Okeke IN, Lamikanra A, Czeczulin J, Dubovsky F, Kaper JB, Nataro JP (2000) Heterogeneous virulence of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli strains isolated from children in Southwest Nigeria. The Journal of infectious diseases 181 (1): 252-260. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/315204
  19. Okeke IN, Ojo O, Lamikanra A, Kaper JB (2003) Etiology of acute diarrhea in adults in southwestern Nigeria. Journal of clinical microbiology 41 (10): 4525-4530. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.41.10.4525-4530.2003
  20. Olanrewaju JE, Onifade AK (2022) Detection of virulence genes in Shiga toxigenic Escherichia coli isolated from diarrhoeic and non-diarrhoeic pediatric patients in Ondo State, Nigeria. Microbes and Infectious Diseases): In Press. doi:https://doi.org/10.21608/mid.2022.124583.1252
  21. Alalade O, Ameh J, Abdullahi I, Whong C (2018) Screening for virulence genes in Escherichia coli O157: H7 obtained from drinking water from Ikara, Kaduna state, Nigeria. Ife Journal of Science 20 (1): 139-144. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v20i1.14
  22. Rabiu MA, Mikaeel BA, Yusuf Y, Abdulmalik BS (2021) Prevalence of Escherichia coli O157: H7 in some animal products sold within Sokoto Metropolis, Nigeria. African Journal of Bacteriology Research 13 (1): 1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.5897/JBR2020.0302
  23. Tafida SY, Kwaga JK, Bello M, Kabir J, Umoh VJ, Yakubu SE, Nok AJ (2014) Occurrence of Escherichia coli O157 in retailed-beef and related meat products in Zaria, Nigeria. Food and Nutrition Sciences 5): 481-487. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/fns.2014.56057
  24. Kabiru LM, Bello M, Kabir J, Grande L, Morabito S (2015) Detection of pathogenic Escherichia coli in samples collected at an abattoir in Zaria, Nigeria and at different points in the surrounding environment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 12): 679-691. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph120100679
  25. Alabi OH, Obiekezie SO, Ekeleme K (2022) Antibiotic resistance profiling and molecular detection of Escherichia coli Pathotypes isolated from irrigated fresh vegetables. AROC in Pharmaceutical and Biotechnology 2 (1): 18-26. doi:https://doi.org/10.53858/arocpb02012735
  26. Towbin JA, McKenna WJ, Abrams DJ, Ackerman MJ, Calkins H, Darrieux FC, Daubert JP, de Chillou C, DePasquale EC, Desai MY (2019) 2019 HRS expert consensus statement on evaluation, risk stratification, and management of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy. Heart rhythm 16 (11): e301-e372. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03780
  27. Wilson G, Bryan J, Cranston K, Kitzes J, Nederbragt L, Teal TK (2017) Good enough practices in scientific computing. PLoS computational biology 13 (6): e1005510. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266059
  28. Igbinosa I, Chiadika C (2021) Prevalence, characteristics and antibiogram profile of Escherichia coli O157: H7 isolated from raw and fermented (nono) milk in Benin City, Nigeria. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 22 (2): 223-233. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v22i2.15
  29. Odetoyin B, Ogundipe O, Onanuga A (2022) Prevalence, diversity of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli and associated risk factors in well water in Ile-Ife, Southwestern Nigeria. One Health Outlook 4 (1): 1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s42522-021-00057-4
  30. Beshiru A, Okoh AI, Igbinosa EO (2022) Processed ready-to-eat (RTE) foods sold in Yenagoa Nigeria were colonized by diarrheagenic Escherichia coli which constitute a probable hazard to human health. Plos one 17 (4): e0266059. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0266059
  31. Bonkoungou IJO, Somda NS, Traoré O, Zoma S, Garba Z, Drabo KM, Barro N (2021) Detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in human diarrheic stool and drinking water samples in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. African Journal of Infectious Diseases 15 (1): 53-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.21010/ajidv15i1.753
  32. Bonkoungou IJ, Damanka S, Sanou I, Tiendrébéogo F, Coulibaly SO, Bon F, Haukka K, Traoré AS, Barro N, Armah GE (2011) Genotype diversity of group A rotavirus strains in children with acute diarrhea in urban Burkina Faso, 2008–2010. Journal of medical virology 83 (8): 1485-1490. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.22137
  33. Somda N, Bonkoungou O, Zongo C, Kpoda D, Tapsoba F, Bassolé I, Traoré Y, Savadogo A (2017) Prevalence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in patients with diarrhoea in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. African Journal of Clinical and Experimental Microbiology 18 (4): 179-185. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajcem.v18i4.1
  34. Manhique-Coutinho L, Chiani P, Michelacci V, Taviani E, Bauhofer AFL, Chissaque A, Cossa-Moiane I, Sambo J, Chilaúle J, Guimarães EL (2022) Molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with diarrhea: A cross-sectional study in four provinces of Mozambique: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Mozambique. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 121): 190-194. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2022.04.054
  35. Sonda T, Kumburu H, van Zwetselaar M, Alifrangis M, Mmbaga BT, Aarestrup FM, Kibiki G, Lund O (2018) Whole genome sequencing reveals high clonal diversity of Escherichia coli isolated from patients in a tertiary care hospital in Moshi, Tanzania. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control 7 (1): 1-12. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/thrb.v19i1.7
  36. Dadie A, Kouassi N, Dako E, Dje M, Dosso M (2014) Virulence, serotype and phylogenetic groups of diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolated during digestive infections in Abidjan, Côte d’Ivoire. African Journal of Biotechnology 13 (9). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/AJB2012.2944
  37. Wang L-P, Zhou S-X, Wang X, Lu Q-B, Shi L-S, Ren X, Zhang H-Y, Wang Y-F, Lin S-H, Zhang C-H (2021) Etiological, epidemiological, and clinical features of acute diarrhea in China. Nature Communications 12 (1): 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.001
  38. Rappelli P, Folgosa E, Solinas ML, DaCosta JL, Pisanu C, Sidat M, Melo J, Cappuccinelli P, Colombo MM (2005) Pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli in children with and without diarrhea in Maputo, Mozambique. FEMS Immunology & Medical Microbiology 43 (1): 67-72. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.femsim.2004.07.006.
  39. Zhou Y, Zhu X, Hou H, Lu Y, Yu J, Mao L, Mao L, Sun Z (2018) Characteristics of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among children under 5 years of age with acute diarrhea: a hospital based study. BMC infectious diseases 18 (1): 1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.08.001
  40. Shah M, Kathiiko C, Wada A, Odoyo E, Bundi M, Miringu G, Guyo S, Karama M, Ichinose Y (2016) Prevalence, seasonal variation, and antibiotic resistance pattern of enteric bacterial pathogens among hospitalized diarrheic children in suburban regions of central Kenya. Tropical medicine and health 44 (1): 1-8. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s41182-016-0038-1
  41. Moyo SJ, Maselle SY, Matee MI, Langeland N, Mylvaganam H (2007) Identification of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolated from infants and children in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. BMC infectious diseases 7 (1): 1-7. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-92
  42. Ochoa TJ, Ruiz J, Molina M, Del Valle LJ, Vargas M, Gil AI, Ecker L, Barletta F, Hall ER, Cleary TG (2009) High frequency of antimicrobial resistance of diarrheagenic E. coli in Peruvian infants. The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene 81 (2): 296. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.2009.81.296
  43. Abbasi E, Mondanizadeh M, van Belkum A, Ghaznavi-Rad E (2020) Multi-drug-resistant diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in pediatric patients with gastroenteritis from central Iran. Infection and Drug Resistance 13): 1387. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S247732.
  44. Canizalez-Roman A, Flores-Villaseñor HM, Gonzalez-Nuñez E, Velazquez-Roman J, Vidal JE, Muro-Amador S, Alapizco-Castro G, Díaz-Quiñonez JA, León-Sicairos N (2016) Surveillance of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains isolated from diarrhea cases from children, adults and elderly at Northwest of Mexico. Frontiers in microbiology 7): 1924. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2016.01924
  45. Hebbelstrup Jensen B, Olsen KE, Struve C, Krogfelt KA, Petersen AM (2014) Epidemiology and clinical manifestations of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli. Clinical microbiology reviews 27 (3): 614-630. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00112-13.
  46. Gomes T, Elias W, Scaletsky I, Guth B, Rodrigues J, Piazza R (2016) Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 47 (s1): 3-30. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bjm.2016.10.015
  47. Mabika RM, Liabagui SLO, Moundounga HK, Mounioko F, Souza A, Yala JF (2021) Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiological Characteristics of Diarrheagenic E. coli in Children under 5 Years Old in the City of Koula-Moutou, East-Central Gabon. Open Journal of Medical Microbiology 11 (3): 157-175. doi:https://doi.org/10.4236/ojmm.2021.113013
  48. Velev V, Pavlova M, Alexandrova E, Popov M, Ivanov I (2021) Prevalence of Diarrheagenic Among Hospitalized Children in a Clinical Centre. Acta Medica Bulgarica 48 (4): 5-8. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2478/AMB-2021-0041
  49. Omolajaiye S, Afolabi K, Iweriebor B (2020) Pathotyping and antibiotic resistance profiling of Escherichia coli isolates from children with acute diarrhea in amatole district municipality of Eastern Cape, South Africa. BioMed Research International 2020): 4250165. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/4250165
  50. Nguyen TV, Le Van P, Le Huy C, Gia KN, Weintraub A (2005) Detection and characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from young children in Hanoi, Vietnam. Journal of clinical microbiology 43 (2): 755-760. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.43.2.755-760.2005
  51. Orlandi P, Magalhães G, Matos N, Silva T, Penatti M, Nogueira P, Pereira da Silva L (2006) Etiology of diarrheal infections in children of Porto Velho (Rondonia, Western Amazon region, Brazil). Brazilian journal of medical and biological research 39): 507-517. doi:https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100.879x2006000400011
  52. Gonzalez AGM, Cerqueira AdMF, Guth BEC, Coutinho C, Liberal MHT, Souza RdM, Andrade JRdC (2016) Serotypes, virulence markers and cell invasion ability of Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli strains isolated from healthy dairy cattle. Journal of applied microbiology 121 (4): 1130-1143. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13230.
  53. Martins FH, Guth BE, Piazza RM, Blanco J, Pelayo JS (2014) First description of a Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O103: H2 strain isolated from sheep in Brazil. The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 8 (01): 126-128
  54. Lascowski K, Guth B, Martins F, Rocha S, Irino K, Pelayo J (2013) Shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli in drinking water supplies of north P araná S tate, B razil. Journal of Applied Microbiology 114 (4): 1230-1239. doi:https://doi.org/10.111/jam.12113
  55. Croxen MA, Law RJ, Scholz R, Keeney KM, Wlodarska M, Finlay BB (2013) Recent advances in understanding enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli. Clinical microbiology reviews 26 (4): 822-880. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00022-13
  56. Nyholm O, Halkilahti J, Wiklund G, Okeke U, Paulin L, Auvinen P, Haukka K, Siitonen A (2015) Comparative genomics and characterization of hybrid Shigatoxigenic and enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC/ETEC) strains. PLoS One 10 (8): e0135936. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135936
  57. Nyanga PL, Onyuka J, Webale MK, Were T, Budambula V (2017) Escherichia coli pathotypes and Shigella sero-groups in diarrheic children in Nairobi city, Kenya. Gastroenterology and Hepatology from Bed to Bench 10 (3): 220
  58. Dutta S, Guin S, Ghosh S, Pazhani GP, Rajendran K, Bhattacharya MK, Takeda Y, Nair GB, Ramamurthy T (2013) Trends in the prevalence of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli among hospitalized diarrheal patients in Kolkata, India. PLoS One 8 (2): e56068. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056068
  59. Borgatta B, Kmet-Lunacek N, Rello J (2012) Brote de E. coli O104: H4 y síndrome hemolítico-urémico. Medicina Intensiva 36 (8): 576-583. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.medin.2011.11.022
  60. Chen Y, Chen X, Zheng S, Yu F, Kong H, Yang Q, Cui D, Chen N, Lou B, Li X (2014) Serotypes, genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns of human diarrhoeagenic Escherichia coli isolates circulating in southeastern China. Clinical microbiology and infection 20 (1): 52-58. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/14690691.12188
  61. Tula M, Iyoha O, Iruolaje F (2015) Antibiotic resistance: Challenges and prospect for therapy in developing countries. Br J Pharm Res 8 (3): 1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.9734/BJPR/2015/19061
  62. Ashkani-Esfahani S, Bagheri F, Emami Y, Esmaeilzadeh E, Azarpira N, Hassanabadi N, Keshtkar M, Farjam M, Koohi-Hosseinabadi O, Noorafshan A (2016) Protective effects of co-enzyme Q10 on thioacetamide-induced acute liver damage and its correlation with behavioral, biochemical, and pathological factors. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal 18 (8). doi:https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.12329

 

Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports
Volume 2, Issue 4
Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports (Online ISSN: 2823-2550)
December 2022
Pages 213-229
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 24 February 2022
  • Revise Date: 27 May 2022
  • Accept Date: 12 August 2022
Share
How to cite
Statistics