Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement

Ethical Oversight

Research Data Sharing Policies

Assignment - CC BY

Repository policy

Publisher’S Note

Publisher Business Model

Processing Cycle

Informed Consent

Guiding Principles for Research Involving Animals and Human Beings

Open Access Policy

Copyright and license

Compliance with Ethical Standards

CrossMark Policy

Journal Metrics

FAQ

News

Related Links

Editors

Editorial Policies (Appeals and Complaints)

Guidelines for Guest Editors

Web of Science Profile (for Editing)

Reviewers

Peer Review Process

Peer Review Policy

Web of Science Profile (for reviewing)

Instructions for Authors

Plagiarism and Similarity Rates

Permanency of Articles

Journal's policy on data fabrication

Article Processing Charges

Publication Fee

Authors Benefits

Practical Guide to the SI Units

Available drug therapies on COVID-19 and its side effects: An overview

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj University, Panvel, Navi Mumbai Maharashtra 410206, India

2 Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded 431606, Maharashtra, India

Abstract

The sudden outbreak of coronavirus turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge socio-economic and human losses becoming a public health emergency. It took just 3-4 months to spread and encroach all over the world and not even a single country is left was unaffected by the coronavirus. WHO started clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory investigations in response to this outbreak to control the further spread of the virus. The coronaviruses are enveloped and pleomorphic. The spike proteins present on the virus surface mediate its entry into host cells. The vaccines recommended have been shown to reduce COVID-19 illness symptoms but somehow their role in the transmission of the disease is unclear. By contrast, immunomodulatory therapy has also benefitted patients. As long as SARS-CoV-2 spreads in the population there are chances of its mutation as RNA viruses mutate over time and its upcoming variants. The previous Delta variant and the latest Omicron variant may cause much more serious deaths and health issues. Variants reduce the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies or antibodies generated by previously administered vaccines. This review focuses on the pathogenicity of coronavirus and various drug therapies available to date to cure the disease. The present study also highlights the target sites and side effects of available drugs for treating COVID-19.  

Graphical Abstract

Available drug therapies on COVID-19 and its side effects: An overview

Keywords

Main Subjects

Full Text

Selected author of this article by journal

ِDr. Umesh Pravin Dhuldhaj
Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada Universityy

Google Scholar

Open Access

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

 

Publisher’s Note

CMBR journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afflictions.

 

Letters to Editor

Given that CMBR Journal's policy in accepting articles will be strict and will do its best to ensure that in addition to having the highest quality published articles, the published articles should have the least similarity (maximum 18%). Also, all the figures and tables in the article must be original and the copyright permission of images must be prepared by authors. However, some articles may have flaws and have passed the journal filter, which dear authors may find fault with. Therefore, the editor of the journal asks the authors, if they see an error in the published articles of the journal, to email the article information along with the documents to the journal office.

CMBR Journal welcomes letters to the editor ([email protected]) for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Critical letters can be sent to the journal editor as soon as the article is online. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.


[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] There is no limit to the number of words in a letter.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.

[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include Name, Email Address, Affiliation, mobile phone number, and Comments

[7] Letters will be answered as soon as possible

References
  1. Fazeli-Nasab B (2021) Biological Evaluation of Coronaviruses and the Study of Molecular Docking, Linalool, and Thymol as orf1ab Protein Inhibitors and the Role of SARS-CoV-2 Virus in Bioterrorism. journal of ilam university of medical sciences 28 (6): 77-96. doi:https://doi.org/10.29252/sjimu.28.6.77
  2. Rahbar-Karbasdehi E, Rahbar-Karbasdehi F (2021) Clinical challenges of stress cardiomyopathy during coronavirus 2019 epidemic. Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports 1 (2): 88-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.55705/cmbr.2021.145790.1018
  3. Mohammadi MR, Sabati H (2022) When Successive Viral Mutations Prevent Definitive Treatment of COVID-19. Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports 2 (2): 98-108. doi:10.55705/cmbr.2022.339012.1040
  4. Hamidi S, Sabouri S, Ewing R (2020) Does density aggravate the COVID-19 pandemic? Early findings and lessons for planners. Journal of the American Planning Association 86 (4): 495-509. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861
  5. Hafeez A, Ahmad S, Siddqui SA, Ahmad M, Mishra S (2020) A review of COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease-2019) diagnosis, treatments and prevention. Ejmo 4 (2): 116-125. doi:https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.90853
  6. Zaki AM, Van Boheemen S, Bestebroer TM, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA (2012) Isolation of a novel coronavirus from a man with pneumonia in Saudi Arabia. New England Journal of Medicine 367 (19): 1814-1820. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1211721
  7. De Groot RJ, Baker SC, Baric RS, Brown CS, Drosten C, Enjuanes L, Fouchier RA, Galiano M, Gorbalenya AE, Memish ZA (2013) Commentary: Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (mers-cov): announcement of the coronavirus study group. Journal of virology 87 (14): 7790-7792. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01244-13
  8. Guan W-j, Ni Z-y, Hu Y, Liang W-h, Ou C-q, He J-x, Liu L, Shan H, Lei C-l, Hui DS (2020) Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 382 (18): 1708-1720. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2002032
  9. Alanazi KH, Abedi GR, Midgley CM, Alkhamis A, Alsaqer T, Almoaddi A, Algwizani A, Ghazal SS, Assiri AM, Jokhdar H (2020) Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and death among 32 patients with MERS-CoV infection, Saudi Arabia. Emerging infectious diseases 26 (1): 166. doi:https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2601.190952
  10. Gutiérrez-González E, Cantero-Escribano JM, Redondo-Bravo L, San Juan-Sanz I, Robustillo-Rodela A, Cendejas-Bueno E, Influenza Working G (2019) Effect of vaccination, comorbidities and age on mortality and severe disease associated with influenza during the season 2016–2017 in a Spanish tertiary hospital. Journal of Infection and Public Health 12 (4): 486-491. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2018.11.011
  11. Yang W, Cao Q, Qin L, Wang X, Cheng Z, Pan A, Dai J, Sun Q, Zhao F, Qu J, Yan F (2020) Clinical characteristics and imaging manifestations of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19):A multi-center study in Wenzhou city, Zhejiang, China. Journal of Infection 80 (4): 388-393. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.016
  12. Perlman S, Netland J (2009) Coronaviruses post-SARS: update on replication and pathogenesis. Nature reviews microbiology 7 (6): 439-450. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro2147
  13. Zhong J, Tang J, Ye C, Dong L (2020) The immunology of COVID-19: is immune modulation an option for treatment? The Lancet Rheumatology 2 (7): e428-e436. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2665-9913(20)30120-X
  14. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, Zhao X, Huang B, Shi W, Lu R (2020) A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. New England journal of medicine 382). doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
  15. Liu C, Zhou Q, Li Y, Garner LV, Watkins SP, Carter LJ, Smoot J, Gregg AC, Daniels AD, Jervey S (2020) Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases. ACS Cent Sci 6 (3): 315–331. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/acscentsci.0c00272
  16. Sexton NR, Smith EC, Blanc H, Vignuzzi M, Peersen OB, Denison MR (2016) Homology-based identification of a mutation in the coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase that confers resistance to multiple mutagens. Journal of virology 90 (16): 7415-7428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00080-16
  17. Maggo S, Dhull P, Dubey AP, Brashier D, Karan A, Singh NK, Joshi K (2020) Cytokine storm syndrome in COVID-19: diagnosis and management strategies. Int J Health Sci Res 10 (5): 140-149
  18. Bárcena M, Oostergetel GT, Bartelink W, Faas FG, Verkleij A, Rottier PJ, Koster AJ, Bosch BJ (2009) Cryo-electron tomography of mouse hepatitis virus: Insights into the structure of the coronavirion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (2): 582-587. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0805270106
  19. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, Schiergens TS, Herrler G, Wu N-H, Nitsche A, Müller MA, Drosten C, Pöhlmann S (2020) SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell 181 (2): 271-280.e278. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052
  20. Báez-Santos YM, St. John SE, Mesecar AD (2015) The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: Structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds. Antiviral Research 115): 21-38. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015
  21. Asghar R, Rasheed M, Ul Hassan J, Rafique M, Khan M, Deng Y (2022) Advancements in Testing Strategies for COVID-19. Biosensors 12 (6): 410. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/bios12060410
  22. Romero M, Efferth T, Serrano M Effect of artemisinin/artesunate as inhibitors of hepatitis B virus production in an “in vitro” replicative system. Antiviral Res 68): 75-83. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104742
  23. Ou X, Liu Y, Lei X, Li P, Mi D, Ren L, Guo L, Guo R, Chen T, Hu J (2020) Characterization of spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 on virus entry and its immune cross-reactivity with SARS-CoV. Nature communications 11 (1): 1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-15562-9
  24. Commission NH, Medicine NAoTC (2020) Diagnosis and treatment protocol for novel coronavirus pneumonia (Trial Version 7). Chinese Medical Journal 133 (09): 1087-1095. doi:https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000819
  25. Ponti G, Maccaferri M, Ruini C, Tomasi A, Ozben T (2020) Biomarcadores asociados con la progresión de la enfermedad COVID-19. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 57 (6): 389-399. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408363.2020.1770685
  26. Fan BE (2020) Hematologic parameters in patients with COVID-19 infection: a reply. American journal of hematology 95 (8): E215-E215. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25847
  27. Zhang C, Wu Z, Li J-W, Zhao H, Wang G-Q (2020) Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19: interleukin-6 receptor antagonist tocilizumab may be the key to reduce mortality. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 55 (5): 105954. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105954
  28. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, Wang W, Song H, Huang B, Zhu N, Bi Y, Ma X, Zhan F, Wang L, Hu T, Zhou H, Hu Z, Zhou W, Zhao L, Chen J, Meng Y, Wang J, Lin Y, Yuan J, Xie Z, Ma J, Liu WJ, Wang D, Xu W, Holmes EC, Gao GF, Wu G, Chen W, Shi W, Tan W (2020) Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet 395 (10224): 565-574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
  29. Tang B, Bragazzi NL, Li Q, Tang S, Xiao Y, Wu J (2020) An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov). Infectious Disease Modelling 5): 248-255. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idm.2020.02.001
  30. Cascella M, Rajnik M, Aleem A, Dulebohn SC, Di Napoli R (2022) Features, evaluation, and treatment of coronavirus (COVID-19). Statpearls [internet]): Bookshelf ID: NBK554776. doi:PMID: 32150360
  31. Ali I, Alharbi OML (2020) COVID-19: Disease, management, treatment, and social impact. Science of The Total Environment 728): 138861. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138861
  32. Wan Y, Shang J, Graham R, Baric RS, Li F (2020) Receptor recognition by the novel coronavirus from Wuhan: an analysis based on decade-long structural studies of SARS coronavirus. Journal of virology 94 (7): e00127-00120. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00127-20
  33. Letko M, Marzi A, Munster V (2020) Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses. Nature microbiology 5 (4): 562-569. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y
  34. Belouzard S, Chu VC, Whittaker GR (2009) Activation of the SARS coronavirus spike protein via sequential proteolytic cleavage at two distinct sites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (14): 5871-5876. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0809524106
  35. Greenwood D, Slack RC, Barer MR, Irving WL (2012) Medical Microbiology E-Book: A Guide to Microbial Infections: Pathogenesis, Immunity, Laboratory Diagnosis and Control. With STUDENT CONSULT Online Access. Elsevier Health Sciences,
  36. Li Y, Chen M, Cao H, Zhu Y, Zheng J, Zhou H (2013) Extraordinary GU-rich single-strand RNA identified from SARS coronavirus contributes an excessive innate immune response. Microbes and Infection 15 (2): 88-95. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micinf.2012.10.008
  37. Lau SK, Lau CC, Chan K-H, Li CP, Chen H, Jin D-Y, Chan JF, Woo PC, Yuen K-Y (2013) Delayed induction of proinflammatory cytokines and suppression of innate antiviral response by the novel Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus: implications for pathogenesis and treatment. Journal of General Virology 94 (12): 2679-2690. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.055533-0
  38. Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, Zhang L, Fan G, Xu J, Gu X, Cheng Z, Yu T, Xia J, Wei Y, Wu W, Xie X, Yin W, Li H, Liu M, Xiao Y, Gao H, Guo L, Xie J, Wang G, Jiang R, Gao Z, Jin Q, Wang J, Cao B (2020) Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. The Lancet 395 (10223): 497-506. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5
  39. Adebayo D, Morabito V, Andreola F, Pieri G, Luong TV, Dhillon A, Mookerjee R, Jalan R (2015) Mechanism of cell death in acute‐on‐chronic liver failure: a clinico‐pathologic‐biomarker study. Liver International 35 (12): 2564-2574. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.12850
  40. Yeo C, Kaushal S, Yeo D (2020) Enteric involvement of coronaviruses: is faecal–oral transmission of SARS-CoV-2 possible? The lancet Gastroenterology & hepatology 5 (4): 335-337. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30048-0
  41. Schütte A, Ciesek S, Wedemeyer H, Lange CM (2019) Influenza virus infection as precipitating event of acute-on-chronic liver failure. Journal of hepatology 70 (4): 797-799. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.015
  42. Boettler T, Newsome PN, Mondelli MU, Maticic M, Cordero E, Cornberg M, Berg T (2020) Care of patients with liver disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: EASL-ESCMID position paper. JHEP Reports 2 (3): 100113. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhepr.2020.100113
  43. Organization WH (2020) Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 73.):
  44. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS (2020) Coronavirus infections—more than just the common cold. Jama 323 (8): 707-708. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.0757
  45. Ravikumar N, Nallasamy K, Bansal A, Angurana SK, Basavaraja G, Sundaram M, Lodha R, Gupta D, Jayashree M (2020) Novel Coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV) infection: Part I-Preparedness and management in the pediatric intensive care unit in resource-limited settings. Indian pediatrics 57 (4): 324-334. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13312-020-1785-y
  46. Fung S-Y, Yuen K-S, Ye Z-W, Chan C-P, Jin D-Y (2020) A tug-of-war between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 and host antiviral defence: lessons from other pathogenic viruses. Emerging microbes & infections 9 (1): 558-570. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1736644
  47. Liu DX, Liang JQ, Fung TS (2021) Human coronavirus-229E,-OC43,-NL63, and-HKU1 (Coronaviridae). Encyclopedia of virology): 428. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-12-809633-8.21501-X
  48. Tobaiqy M, Qashqary M, Al-Dahery S, Mujallad A, Hershan A, Kamal M, Helmi N (2020) Therapeutic management of patients with COVID-19: a systematic review. Infect. Prevent. Practice 2 (100061): 10-1016. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100061
  49. Kumar D, Malviya R, Sharma PK (2020) Corona virus: a review of COVID-19. EJMO 4 (1): 8-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.14744/ejmo.2020.51418
  50. Gautret P, Lagier J-C, Parola P, Hoang VT, Meddeb L, Mailhe M, Doudier B, Courjon J, Giordanengo V, Vieira VE, Tissot Dupont H, Honoré S, Colson P, Chabrière E, La Scola B, Rolain J-M, Brouqui P, Raoult D (2020) Hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin as a treatment of COVID-19: results of an open-label non-randomized clinical trial. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 56 (1): 105949. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105949
  51. Dongala T, Katari NK, Ettaboina SK, Krishnan A, Tambuwala MM, Dua K (2021) In vitro dissolution profile at different biological pH conditions of hydroxychloroquine sulfate tablets is available for the treatment of COVID-19. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences 7): 613393. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2020.613393/full
  52. COVID-19 NTf (2020) Advisory on the use of hydroxy-chloroquine as prophylaxis for SARS-CoV-2 infection. ICMR; New Delhi:,
  53. Mahalmani VM, Mahendru D, Semwal A, Kaur S, Kaur H, Sarma P, Prakash A, Medhi B (2020) COVID-19 pandemic: A review based on current evidence. Indian journal of pharmacology 52 (2): 117. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fijp.IJP_310_20
  54. Tillu G, Chaturvedi S, Chopra A, Patwardhan B (2020) Public health approach of ayurveda and yoga for COVID-19 prophylaxis. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 26 (5): 360-364. doi:https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2020.0129
  55. Shrungeswara AH, Unnikrishnan MK (2019) Evolution of dietary preferences and the innate urge to heal: Drug discovery lessons from Ayurveda. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine 10 (3): 222-226. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2017.08.003
  56. Cinatl J, Morgenstern B, Bauer G, Chandra P, Rabenau H, Doerr HW (2003) Glycyrrhizin, an active component of liquorice roots, and replication of SARS-associated coronavirus. The Lancet 361 (9374): 2045-2046. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13615-X
  57. Muktibodhananda S (2002) Hatha yoga pradipika: Light on hatha yoga. Bihar School of Yoga, India): 202-205
  58. Agarwal R, Diwanay S, Patki P, Patwardhan B (1999) Studies on immunomodulatory activity of Withania somnifera (Ashwagandha) extracts in experimental immune inflammation. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 67 (1): 27-35. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(99)00065-3
  59. Shi Y, Wang Y, Shao C, Huang J, Gan J, Huang X, Bucci E, Piacentini M, Ippolito G, Melino G (2020) COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses. vol 27. Nature Publishing Group. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3
  60. Luke TC, Kilbane EM, Jackson JL, Hoffman SL (2006) Meta-analysis: convalescent blood products for Spanish influenza pneumonia: a future H5N1 treatment? Annals of internal medicine 145 (8): 599-609. doi:https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-8-200610170-00139
  61. Bloch EM, Shoham S, Casadevall A, Sachais BS, Shaz B, Winters JL, Van Buskirk C, Grossman BJ, Joyner M, Henderson JP (2020) Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. The Journal of clinical investigation 130 (6): 2757-2765. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI138745
  62. Casadevall A, Pirofski L-a (2020) The convalescent sera option for containing COVID-19. The Journal of clinical investigation 130 (4): 1545-1548. doi:https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI138003
  63. Modjarrad K, Roberts CC, Mills KT, Castellano AR, Paolino K, Muthumani K, Reuschel EL, Robb ML, Racine T, Oh M-d, Lamarre C, Zaidi FI, Boyer J, Kudchodkar SB, Jeong M, Darden JM, Park YK, Scott PT, Remigio C, Parikh AP, Wise MC, Patel A, Duperret EK, Kim KY, Choi H, White S, Bagarazzi M, May JM, Kane D, Lee H, Kobinger G, Michael NL, Weiner DB, Thomas SJ, Maslow JN (2019) Safety and immunogenicity of an anti-Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus DNA vaccine: a phase 1, open-label, single-arm, dose-escalation trial. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 19 (9): 1013-1022. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30266-X
  64. Al‐Bari MAA (2017) Targeting endosomal acidification by chloroquine analogs as a promising strategy for the treatment of emerging viral diseases. Pharmacology research & perspectives 5 (1): e00293. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.293
  65. Keni R, Alexander A, Nayak PG, Mudgal J, Nandakumar K (2020) COVID-19: emergence, spread, possible treatments, and global burden. Frontiers in public health 2020): 216. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00216
  66. Rainsford K, Parke AL, Clifford-Rashotte M, Kean W (2015) Therapy and pharmacological properties of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine in treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases. Inflammopharmacology 23 (5): 231-269. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-015-0239-y
  67. Savarino A, Boelaert JR, Cassone A, Majori G, Cauda R (2003) Effects of chloroquine on viral infections: an old drug against today's diseases. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 3 (11): 722-727. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00806-5
  68. Wang M, Cao R, Zhang L, Yang X, Liu J, Xu M, Shi Z, Hu Z, Zhong W, Xiao G (2020) Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell research 30 (3): 269-271. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41422-020-0282-0
  69. Guangdi L (2019) De Clercq Erik. Therapeutic options for the 2019): 149-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
  70. Singh AK, Singh A, Shaikh A, Singh R, Misra A (2020) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19 with or without diabetes: A systematic search and a narrative review with a special reference to India and other developing countries. Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews 14 (3): 241-246. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2020.03.011
  71. Li G, De Clercq E (2020) Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Nature reviews Drug discovery 19 (3): 149-150. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/d41573-020-00016-0
  72. Mehta P, McAuley DF, Brown M, Sanchez E, Tattersall RS, Manson JJ (2020) COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The lancet 395 (10229): 1033-1034. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
  73. Maston LD, Jones DT, Giermakowska W, Resta TC, Ramiro-Diaz J, Howard TA, Jernigan NL, Herbert L, Maurice AA, Gonzalez Bosc LV (2018) Interleukin-6 trans-signaling contributes to chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary Circulation 8 (3): 2045894018780734. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/2045894018780734
  74. Teachey DT, Rheingold SR, Maude SL, Zugmaier G, Barrett DM, Seif AE, Nichols KE, Suppa EK, Kalos M, Berg RA (2013) Cytokine release syndrome after blinatumomab treatment related to abnormal macrophage activation and ameliorated with cytokine-directed therapy. Blood, The Journal of the American Society of Hematology 121 (26): 5154-5157. doi:https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2013-02-485623
  75. Laxminarayan R, Wahl B, Dudala SR, Gopal K, Mohan B C, Neelima S, Jawahar Reddy K, Radhakrishnan J, Lewnard JA (2020) Epidemiology and transmission dynamics of COVID-19 in two Indian states. Science 370 (6517): 691-697. doi:https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd7672
  76. Xu L, Liu J, Lu M, Yang D, Zheng X (2020) Liver injury during highly pathogenic human coronavirus infections. Liver international 40 (5): 998-1004. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/liv.14435
  77. Chen B, Kessi M, Chen S, Xiong J, Wu L, Deng X, Yang L, He F, Yin F, Peng J (2020) The recommendations for the management of chinese children with epilepsy during the COVID-19 outbreak. Frontiers in pediatrics 8): 495. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2020.00495/full
  78. Drug UF (2020) Administration. Fact sheet for health care providers: emergency use authorization (EUA) of remdesivir (GS-5734™).
  79. Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, Russo AM (2020) Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 treatment. Circulation 141 (24): e906-e907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.047521
  80. Saghir SA, AlGabri NA, Alagawany MM, Attia YA, Alyileili SR, Elnesr SS, Shafi ME, Al-Shargi OY, Al-Balagi N, Alwajeeh AS (2021) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19: A fiction, hope or hype? An updated review. Therapeutics and clinical risk management 17): 371. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147%2FTCRM.S301817
  81. Kotloski RJ, Dowding J, Hermann BP, Sutula TP (2019) Chapter 25 - Epilepsy and aging. In: Dekosky ST, Asthana S (eds) Handbook of Clinical Neurology, vol 167. Elsevier, pp 455-475. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804766-8.00025-X
  82. Paudel V, Chudal D (2020) Carbamazepine-induced toxic epidermal necrolysis managed by mobile teledermatology in COVID-19 pandemic in rural Nepal. Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine 2020): Article ID: 8845759. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8845759
  83. Esposito G, Pesce M, Seguella L, Sanseverino W, Lu J, Corpetti C, Sarnelli G (2020) The potential of cannabidiol in the COVID‐19 pandemic. British journal of pharmacology 177 (21): 4967-4970. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/bph.15157
  84. Asadi-Pooya AA, Attar A, Moghadami M, Karimzadeh I (2020) Management of COVID-19 in people with epilepsy: drug considerations. Neurological Sciences 41 (8): 2005-2011. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-020-04549-5
  85. Howard TL, Korlipara H, Sharoha N (2020) Prompt Use of Benzodiazepines for Anxiety Management in COVID-19-Positive Patients With Tracheostomy. The Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders 22 (6): 26701. doi:https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.20l02785
  86. Fırat O, Yalçın N, Demirkan K (2020) COVID-19 & antiepileptic drugs: Should we pay attention? Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy 80): 240-241. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2020.07.005
  87. Aksan F, Nelson EA, Swedish KA (2020) A COVID-19 patient with intense burning pain. Journal of NeuroVirology 26 (5): 800-801. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s13365-020-00887-4
  88. Kuroda N (2020) Epilepsy and COVID-19: associations and important considerations. Epilepsy & Behavior 108): 107-122. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2020.107122
  89. Ostuzzi G, Papola D, Gastaldon C, Schoretsanitis G, Bertolini F, Amaddeo F, Cuomo A, Emsley R, Fagiolini A, Imperadore G (2020) Safety of psychotropic medications in people with COVID-19: evidence review and practical recommendations. BMC medicine 18 (1): 1-14. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01685-9
  90. Altable M (2020) Perampanel, a novel neuroprotector and antiviral agent in COVID-19? Qeios 2020): ID: 0UGEE9. doi:https://doi.org/10.32388/0UGEE9
  91. Kow CS, Hasan SS (2021) Potential interactions between COVID-19 vaccines and antiepileptic drugs. Seizure-European Journal of Epilepsy 86): 80-81. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seizure.2021.01.021
  92. El-Tallawy SN, Nalamasu R, Pergolizzi JV, Gharibo C (2020) Pain management during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pain and Therapy 9 (2): 453-466. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40122-020-00190-4
  93. Adkins JC, Noble S (1998) Tiagabine. Drugs 55 (3): 437-460. doi:https://doi.org/10.2165/00003495-199855030-00013
  94. Pitt B, Sutton NR, Wang Z, Goonewardena SN, Holinstat M (2021) Potential repurposing of the HDAC inhibitor valproic acid for patients with COVID-19. European Journal of Pharmacology 898): 173988. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173988
  95. Yao TT, Qian JD, Zhu WY, Wang Y, Wang GQ (2020) A systematic review of lopinavir therapy for SARS coronavirus and MERS coronavirus—A possible reference for coronavirus disease‐19 treatment option. Journal of medical virology 92 (6): 556-563. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25729
  96. Khuroo MS (2020) Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Facts, fiction and the hype: a critical appraisal. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 56 (3): 106101. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106101
  97. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, Wang B, Xiang H, Cheng Z, Xiong Y (2020) Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Jama 323 (11): 1061-1069. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
  98. Costanzo M, De Giglio MA, Roviello GN (2020) SARS-CoV-2: recent reports on antiviral therapies based on lopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/umifenovir, hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, favipiravir and other drugs for the treatment of the new coronavirus. Current medicinal chemistry 27 (27): 4536-4541. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867327666200416131117
  99. Arabi YM, Shalhoub S, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, Al-Omari A, Al Qasim E, Jose J, Alraddadi B, Almotairi A, Al Khatib K (2020) Ribavirin and interferon therapy for critically ill patients with middle east respiratory syndrome: a multicenter observational study. Clinical infectious diseases 70 (9): 1837-1844. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz544
  100. Tan Q, Duan L, Ma Y, Wu F, Huang Q, Mao K, Xiao W, Xia H, Zhang S, Zhou E, Ma P, Song S, Li Y, Zhao Z, Sun Y, Li Z, Geng W, Yin Z, Jin Y (2020) Is oseltamivir suitable for fighting against COVID-19: In silico assessment, in vitro and retrospective study. Bioorganic Chemistry 104): 104257. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104257
  101. Veronese N, Demurtas J, Yang L, Tonelli R, Barbagallo M, Lopalco P, Lagolio E, Celotto S, Pizzol D, Zou L (2020) Use of corticosteroids in coronavirus disease 2019 pneumonia: a systematic review of the literature. Frontiers in medicine 7): 170. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2020.00170/full
  102. Xu X, Han M, Li T, Sun W, Wang D, Fu B, Zhou Y, Zheng X, Yang Y, Li X (2020) Effective treatment of severe COVID-19 patients with tocilizumab. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117 (20): 10970-10975. doi:https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2005615117
  103. Lin F-C, Chang G-D, Chern M-S, Chen Y-C, Chang S-C (2006) Clinical significance of anti-GM-CSF antibodies in idiopathic pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. Thorax 61 (6): 528-534. doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.2005.054171.
  104. Shen C, Wang Z, Zhao F, Yang Y, Li J, Yuan J, Wang F, Li D, Yang M, Xing L (2020) Treatment of 5 critically ill patients with COVID-19 with convalescent plasma. Jama 323 (16): 1582-1589. doi:https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.4783
  105. Wang X, Guan Y (2021) COVID‐19 drug repurposing: a review of computational screening methods, clinical trials, and protein interaction assays. Medicinal research reviews 41 (1): 5-28. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/med.21728
Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports
Volume 3, Issue 1
Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports (Online ISSN: 2823-2550)
March 2023
Pages 41-61
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 07 May 2022
  • Revise Date: 06 August 2022
  • Accept Date: 18 November 2022
Share
How to cite
Statistics