Document Type : Original Article
Authors
- I Nyoman Arsana 1
- Ni Ketut Ayu Juliasih 1
- A A Ayu Sauca Sunia Widyantari 1
- Ni Luh Suriani 2
- Agus Manto 3
1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Information Technology and Science, University of Hindu Indonesia, Denpasar, Indonesia
2 Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Denpasar, Indonesia
3 Yogyakarta Plantation Community Academy, Denpasar, Indonesia
Abstract
Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) has been utilized since antiquity and is considered the king of spices due to its wide use. This study aims to analyze the active compounds of white pepper through GC-MS and their pharmacological effects. Pepper seeds were extracted using 96% ethanol as solvent by the maceration method. The active compounds in the dry extract were then analyzed by GC-MS. Identification of the active compound was carried out by matching it to the Willey7 Library database. Based on the results chromatogram, is known that there are 127 components of the compound, of which there are 11 main components. Most of the main components are alkaloids and have various pharmacological effects discussed. Piperidine, Caryophyllene, and Ethyl iso-allocholate are some of active compounds in ethanol extract. Ethyl iso-allocholate acts as an anti-inflammatory with a strong affinity for the target protein and also acts as an antiviral for SARS-CoV by inhibiting the attachment of the viral genome to target proteins, namely angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and main protease (MPro).
Graphical Abstract
Keywords
Main Subjects
Selected author of this article by journal

Udayana University, Indonesia
Open Access
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
Publisher’s Note
CMBR journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afflictions.
Letters to Editor
Given that CMBR Journal's policy in accepting articles will be strict and will do its best to ensure that in addition to having the highest quality published articles, the published articles should have the least similarity (maximum 18%). Also, all the figures and tables in the article must be original and the copyright permission of images must be prepared by authors. However, some articles may have flaws and have passed the journal filter, which dear authors may find fault with. Therefore, the editor of the journal asks the authors, if they see an error in the published articles of the journal, to email the article information along with the documents to the journal office.
CMBR Journal welcomes letters to the editor ([email protected]) for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Critical letters can be sent to the journal editor as soon as the article is online. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.
[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.
[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.
[3] There is no limit to the number of words in a letter.
[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.
[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.
[6] Letter writers must include Name, Email Address, Affiliation, mobile phone number, and Comments
[7] Letters will be answered as soon as possible
- Schnabel A, Athmer B, Manke K, Schumacher F, Cotinguiba F, Vogt T (2021) Identification and characterization of piperine synthase from black pepper, Piper nigrum L. Communications biology 4(1):1-10. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-021-01967-9
- Takooree H, Aumeeruddy MZ, Rengasamy KR, Venugopala KN, Jeewon R, Zengin G, Mahomoodally MF (2019) A systematic review on black pepper (Piper nigrum L.): from folk uses to pharmacological applications. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 59(sup1):S210-S243. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2019.1565489
- Yu L, Hu X, Xu R, Ba Y, Chen X, Wang X, Cao B, Wu X (2022) Amide alkaloids characterization and neuroprotective properties of Piper nigrum L.: A comparative study with fruits, pericarp, stalks and leaves. Food chemistry 368:130832. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130832
- Ghamarnia H, Mousabeygi F, Rezvani SV (2021) Water Requirement, Crop Coefficients of Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) and Realizing of SIMDualKc Model. Agrotechniques in Industrial Crops 1(3):110-121. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.22126/atic.2021.6791.1019
- Dosoky NS, Satyal P, Barata LM, da Silva JKR, Setzer WN (2019) Volatiles of black pepper fruits (Piper nigrum L.). Molecules 24(23):4244. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24234244
- Megat Ahmad Azman PN, Shamsudin R, Che Man H, Ya’acob ME (2020) Some physical properties and mass modelling of pepper berries (Piper nigrum L.), variety kuching, at different maturity levels. Processes 8(10):1314. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/pr8101314
- Li Y-x, Zhang C, Pan S, Chen L, Liu M, Yang K, Zeng X, Tian J (2020) Analysis of chemical components and biological activities of essential oils from black and white pepper (Piper nigrum L.) in five provinces of southern China. LWT 117:108644. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2019.108644
- Candraningrat I, Santika A, Dharmayanti I, Prayascita P (2021) Review Kemampuan Metode Gc-Ms Dalam Identifikasi Flunitrazepam Terkait Dengan Aspek Forensik Dan Klinik. J Kim 15(1):12-19. doi:https://doi.org/10.24843/jchem.2021.v15.i01.p03
- Astiti NPA, Ramona Y (2021) GC-MS analysis of active and applicable compounds in methanol extract of sweet star fruit (Averrhoa carambola L.) leaves. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences 28(1):12-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.4308/hjb.28.1.12
- Machado KdC, Islam MT, Ali ES, Rouf R, Uddin SJ, Dev S, Shilpi JA, Shill MC, Reza HM, Das AK (2018) A systematic review on the neuroprotective perspectives of beta-caryophyllene. Phytotherapy research 32(12):2376-2388. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6199
- Parisotto-Peterle J, Bidone J, Lucca LG, Araújo GdMS, Falkembach MC, da Silva Marques M, Horn AP, Dos Santos MK, da Veiga Jr VF, Limberger RP (2020) Healing activity of hydrogel containing nanoemulsified β-caryophyllene. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 148:105318. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2020.105318
- Xu X, Yan J (2021) β-Caryophyllene may attenuate hyperoxaluria-induced kidney dysfunction in rats by regulating stress marker KIM-1/MCP-1 and NF-κB signaling pathway. Journal of Biochemical and Molecular Toxicology 35(11):e22891. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.22891
- Geddo F, Scandiffio R, Antoniotti S, Cottone E, Querio G, Maffei ME, Bovolin P, Gallo MP (2019) PipeNig®-FL, a fluid extract of black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) with a high standardized content of Trans-β-Caryophyllene, reduces lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and improves glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes. Nutrients 11(11):2788. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11112788
- Yoo H-J, Jwa S-K (2018) Inhibitory effects of β-caryophyllene on Streptococcus mutans biofilm. Archives of oral biology 88:42-46. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.01.009
- Yoo H-J, Jwa S-K (2019) Efficacy of β-caryophyllene for periodontal disease related factors. Archives of oral biology 100:113-118. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.02.015
- Kayamba F, Dunnill C, Hamnett DJ, Rodríguez A, Georgopoulos NT, Moran WJ (2013) Piperolein B, isopiperolein B and piperamide C9: 1 (8E): total synthesis and cytotoxicities. RSC Advances 3(37):16681-16685. doi:https://doi.org/10.1039/C3RA42060D
- Matsuda H, Ninomiya K, Morikawa T, Yasuda D, Yamaguchi I, Yoshikawa M (2009) Hepatoprotective amide constituents from the fruit of Piper chaba: Structural requirements, mode of action, and new amides. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 17(20):7313-7323. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2009.08.050
- Hwang KS, Kim YK, Park KW, Kim YT (2017) Piperolein B and piperchabamide D isolated from black pepper (Piper nigrum L.) as larvicidal compounds against the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella). Pest management science 73(8):1564-1567. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.4580
- Guo Z, Xu J, Xia J, Wu Z, Lei J, Yu J (2019) Anti-inflammatory and antitumour activity of various extracts and compounds from the fruits of Piper longum L. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 71(7):1162-1171. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13099
- Rajagopal K, Byran G, Jupudi S, Vadivelan R (2020) Activity of phytochemical constituents of black pepper, ginger, and garlic against coronavirus (COVID-19): an in silico approach. Int J Health Allied Sci 9(5):43-50. doi:https://doi.org/10.4103/ijhas.IJHAS_55_20
- Wiwattanawanichakun P, Ratwatthananon A, Poonsri W, Yooboon T, Pluempanupat W, Piyasaengthong N, Nobsathian S, Bullangpoti V (2018) The possibility of using isolated alkaloid compounds and crude extracts of Piper retrofractum (Piperaceae) as larvicidal control agents for Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae. Journal of medical entomology 55(5):1231-1236. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjy082
- Dahmani M, Al-Deyab S, Et-Touhami A, Hammouti B, Bouyanzer A, Salghi R, El Mejdoubi A (2012) Investigation of piperanine as HCl ecofriendly corrosion inhibitors for C38 steel. Int J Electrochem Sci 7:2513-2522
- Fickova M, Pravdova E, Rondhal L, Uher M, Brtko J (2008) In vitro antiproliferative and cytotoxic activities of novel kojic acid derivatives: 5-benzyloxy-2-selenocyanatomethyl-and 5-methoxy-2-selenocyanatomethyl-4-pyranone. Journal of Applied Toxicology: An International Journal 28(4):554-559. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/jat.1300
- Makhov P, Golovine K, Teper E, Kutikov A, Mehrazin R, Corcoran A, Tulin A, Uzzo R, Kolenko V (2014) Piperlongumine promotes autophagy via inhibition of Akt/mTOR signalling and mediates cancer cell death. British journal of cancer 110(4):899-907. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2013.810
- Ku S-K, Kim JA, Bae J-S (2014) Piperlonguminine downregulates endothelial protein C receptor shedding in vitro and in vivo. Inflammation 37(2):435-442. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s10753-013-9756-2
- Yoval-Sánchez B, Calleja LF, de la Luz Hernández-Esquivel M, Rodríguez-Zavala JS (2020) Piperlonguminine a new mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase activator protects the heart from ischemia/reperfusion injury. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA)-General Subjects 1864(11):129684. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129684
- Praveena A, Arthi S, Sudarmathi B (2019) In vitro and in silico analysis to identify novel lead compound from Morinda tinctoria fruit against breast cancer. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences 81(5):970-975. doi:https;//doi.org/10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.593
- Johnson TO, Odoh KD, Nwonuma CO, Akinsanmi AO, Adegboyega AE (2020) Biochemical evaluation and molecular docking assessment of the anti-inflammatory potential of Phyllanthus nivosus leaf against ulcerative colitis. Heliyon 6(5):e03893. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03893
- Poochi SP, Easwaran M, Balasubramanian B, Anbuselvam M, Meyyazhagan A, Park S, Bhotla HK, Anbuselvam J, Arumugam VA, Keshavarao S (2020) Employing bioactive compounds derived from Ipomoea obscura (L.) to evaluate potential inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 main protease and ACE2 protein. Food frontiers 1(2):168-179. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/fft2.29
- Masek A, Latos-Brozio M, Kałużna-Czaplińska J, Rosiak A, Chrzescijanska E (2020) Antioxidant properties of green coffee extract. Forests 11(5):557-563. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/f11050557
- Vázquez-Martínez J, Buitemea-Cantúa GV, Gutierrez-Villagomez JM, García-González JP, Ramírez-Chávez E, Molina-Torres J (2020) Bioautography and GC-MS based identification of piperine and trichostachine as the active quorum quenching compounds in black pepper. Heliyon 6(1):e03137. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e03137
- Mathema VB, Dondorp AM, Imwong M (2019) OSTRFPD: Multifunctional tool for genome-wide short tandem repeat analysis for DNA, transcripts, and amino acid sequences with integrated primer designer. Evolutionary bioinformatics 15:1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1176934319843130
- Martins FG, Melo A, Sousa SF (2021) Identification of new potential inhibitors of quorum sensing through a specialized multi-level computational approach. Molecules 26(9):2600. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26092600
- Park K-R, Leem HH, Cho M, Kang SW, Yun H-M (2020) Effects of the amide alkaloid piperyline on apoptosis, autophagy, and differentiation of pre-osteoblasts. Phytomedicine 79:153347. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153347
- Kozukue N, Park M-S, Choi S-H, Lee S-U, Ohnishi-Kameyama M, Levin CE, Friedman M (2007) Kinetics of Light-Induced cis− trans isomerization of four piperines and their levels in ground black peppers as determined by HPLC and LC/MS. Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 55(17):7131-7139. doi:https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070831p
- Iqbal G, Iqbal A, Mahboob A, M Farhat S, Ahmed T (2016) Memory enhancing effect of black pepper in the AlCl3 induced neurotoxicity mouse model is mediated through its active component chavicine. Current pharmaceutical biotechnology 17(11):962-973. doi:https://doi.org/10.2174/1389201017666160709202124
- Quijia CR, Chorilli M (2020) Characteristics, biological properties and analytical methods of piperine: A review. Critical reviews in analytical chemistry 50(1):62-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2019.1573656
- Magaña-Barajas E, Buitimea-Cantúa GV, Hernández-Morales A, Torres-Pelayo VdR, Vázquez-Martínez J, Buitimea-Cantúa NE (2021) In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition and antioxidant activity by capsaicin and piperine from Capsicum chinense and Piper nigrum fruits. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part B 56(3):282-291. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2020.1869477
- Jeong JH, Ryu J-H, Lee HJ (2021) In Vitro Inhibition of Piper nigrum and Piperine on Growth, Migration, and Invasion of PANC-1 Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Natural Product Communications 16(11):1934578X211057694. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1934578X211057694
- Chen J-J, Huang Y-C, Chen Y-C, Huang Y-T, Wang S-W, Peng C-Y, Teng C-M, Chen I-S (2002) Cytotoxic amides from Piper sintenense. Planta medica 68(11):980-985. doi:https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-35660
- Chen JJ, Duh CY, Huang HY, Chen IS (2003) Cytotoxic constituents of Piper sintenense. Helvetica chimica acta 86(6):2058-2064. doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/hlca.200390161