Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports

Biosafety Society of Iran

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics and Malpractice Statement

Ethical Oversight

Open Access Policy, and Assignment - CC BY

Repository policy

Publisher’S Note

Informed Consent

Guiding Principles for Research Involving Animals and Human Beings

Compliance with Ethical Standards

Copyright and license

CrossMark Policy

Journal Metrics

FAQ

News

Related Links

Responsibility of the Editor

Editorial Policies (Appeals and Complaints)

Guidelines for Guest Editors

Web of Science Profile (for Editing)

Reviewers

Responsibility of Reviewers

Peer Review Process

Peer Review Policy

Web of Science Profile (for reviewing)

Instructions for Authors

Responsibility of the Author

Plagiarism and Similarity Rates

Responding to Allegations of Possible Misconduct

Responses to Possible Misconduct

Permanency of Articles

Data Sharing Policy

Data Citation

Article Processing Charges and Publication Fee

Authors Benefits

Practical Guide to the SI Units

Molecular analysis of bio-makers of Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolate from gombe local government area, Gombe State, Nigeria

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.

2 Zoology Department, Faculty of Life Sciences, Modibbo Adama University, Yola, Nigeria

3 Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal Polytechnic, Mubi, Adamawa Sate, Nigeria

Abstract

Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falciparum-malaria, but for a long, the drug has been officially withdrawn in almost all malaria-endemic countries including Nigeria, due to the development of resistance by the parasite. Withdrawal of the drug may make the drug regains its efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of Biomarkers associated with chloroquine resistance from Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria after its withdrawal in 2005. Twenty hundred blood samples were collected from consented study subjects and analysed using Microscopy, RDT and PCR. DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep (No. D4069), Purity and Concentration of the DNA were determined using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. 57 true positive samples were selected for molecular analysis. Nested PCR was used to amplify the required codon (C72S, M74I, K76T and N75E) position of PCRT the gene of P. falciparum. Both Primary and Secondary PCR was carried out. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis in 2% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. The amplicons were purified and sequenced, after which the sequenced products were subjected to BLAST software. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism was recorded from C72S and K76T with a prevalence of 05(8.80%) and 46(80.70%) respectively. Confirmed biomarkers of Chloroquine resistance are still present in P. falciparum isolate from Gombe L.G.A. 

Graphical Abstract

Molecular analysis of bio-makers of Chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolate from gombe local government area, Gombe State, Nigeria

Keywords

Main Subjects

Full Text

Selected author of this article by journal

ِDr. Ismail Muhammad
Gombe State University

Google Scholar

Open Access

This article is licensed under a CC BY License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

 

Publisher’s Note

CMBR journal remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional afflictions.

 

Letters to Editor

Given that CMBR Journal's policy in accepting articles will be strict and will do its best to ensure that in addition to having the highest quality published articles, the published articles should have the least similarity (maximum 15%). Also, all the figures and tables in the article must be original and the copyright permission of images must be prepared by authors. However, some articles may have flaws and have passed the journal filter, which dear authors may find fault with. Therefore, the editor of the journal asks the authors, if they see an error in the published articles of the journal, to email the article information along with the documents to the journal office.

CMBR Journal welcomes letters to the editor ([email protected], [email protected]) for the post-publication discussions and corrections which allows debate post publication on its site, through the Letters to Editor. Critical letters can be sent to the journal editor as soon as the article is online. Following points are to be considering before sending the letters (comments) to the editor.

[1] Letters that include statements of statistics, facts, research, or theories should include appropriate references, although more than three are discouraged.

[2] Letters that are personal attacks on an author rather than thoughtful criticism of the author’s ideas will not be considered for publication.

[3] There is no limit to the number of words in a letter.

[4] Letter writers should include a statement at the beginning of the letter stating that it is being submitted either for publication or not.

[5] Anonymous letters will not be considered.

[6] Letter writers must include Name, Email Address, Affiliation, mobile phone number, and Comments.

[7] Letters will be answered as soon as possible.

References
  1. Owoloye A, Olufemi M, Idowu ET, Oyebola KM (2021) Prevalence of potential mediators of artemisinin resistance in African isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Malaria journal 20(1):1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03987-6
  2. Shafik SH, Cobbold SA, Barkat K, Richards SN, Lancaster NS, Llinás M, Hogg SJ, Summers RL, McConville MJ, Martin RE (2020) The natural function of the malaria parasite’s chloroquine resistance transporter. Nature communications 11(1):1-16. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17781-6
  3. Ahouidi A, Oliveira R, Lobo L, Diedhiou C, Mboup S, Nogueira F (2021) Prevalence of pfk13 and pfmdr1 polymorphisms in Bounkiling, Southern Senegal. PloS one 16(3):e0249357. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249357
  4. De-Dios T, van Dorp L, Gelabert P, Carøe C, Sandoval-Velasco M, Fregel R, Escosa R, Aranda C, Huijben S, Balloux F (2019) Genetic affinities of an eradicated European Plasmodium falciparum strain. Microbial genomics 5(9):PMC6807384. doi:https://doi.org/10.1099/mgen.0.000289
  5. Tola M, Ajibola O, Idowu ET, Omidiji O, Awolola ST, Amambua-Ngwa A (2020) Molecular detection of drug resistant polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Southwest, Nigeria. BMC Research Notes 13(1):1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05334-5
  6. Voumbo-Matoumona DF, Kouna LC, Madamet M, Maghendji-Nzondo S, Pradines B, Lekana-Douki JB (2018) Prevalence of Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug resistance genes in Southeastern Gabon from 2011 to 2014. Infection and drug resistance 11:1329-1338. doi:https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S160164
  7. Adam R, Mukhtar MM, Abubakar UF, Damudi HA, Muhammad A, Ibrahim SS (2021) Polymorphism Analysis of pfmdr1 and pfcrt from Plasmodium falciparum Isolates in Northwestern Nigeria Revealed the Major Markers Associated with Antimalarial Resistance. Diseases 9(1):1-12
  8. Beargie SM, Higgins CR, Evans DR, Laing SK, Erim D, Ozawa S (2019) The economic impact of substandard and falsified antimalarial medications in Nigeria. PloS one 14(8):e0217910. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217910
  9. Muhammad I, Sale PM, Midala AL (2022) Absence of Biomakers of Resistance in K13 Propeller Gene of Plasmodium falciparum from Gombe LGA of Gombe State, Nigeria. Advances 3(1):25-33
  10. Stokes BH, Dhingra SK, Rubiano K, Mok S, Straimer J, Gnädig NF, Deni I, Schindler KA, Bath JR, Ward KE (2021) Plasmodium falciparum K13 mutations in Africa and Asia impact artemisinin resistance and parasite fitness. Elife 10:e66277. doi:https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.66277
  11. Parray JA, Ali U, Mir MY, Shameem N (2021) A high throughputs and consistent method for the sampling and isolation of Endophytic bacteria allied to high altitude the medicinal plant Arnebia benthamii (Wall ex. G. Don). Micro Environer 1(1):1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i01.6668
  12. Karabulut F, Parray JA, Mir MY (2021) Emerging trends for Harnessing plant metabolome and microbiome for sustainable food Production. Micro Environer 1(1):33-53 doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i01.6672
  13. Ghafari M, Beigomi Z, Javadian E (2021) Evaluation of antibacterial activity of extract plant against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans isolated from women Micro Environer 1(2):78-85. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i02.6675
  14. Jahantigh M, ahmadi H (2021) Analysis of the antimicrobial activity of Ashurak extracts prepared with different solvents on Klebsiella pneumoniae and Shigella dysentery isolated from poultry faeces. Micro Environer 1(1):54-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i01.6673
  15. Karabulut F, Aydın S, Parray JA (2021) Interactions of antioxidant defense mechanisms developed by plants and microorganisms against pesticides Micro Environer 1(2):63-77. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i02.6674
  16. Kayiba NK, Yobi DM, Tshibangu-Kabamba E, Tuan VP, Yamaoka Y, Devleesschauwer B, Mvumbi DM, Wemakoy EO, De Mol P, Mvumbi GL (2021) Spatial and molecular mapping of Pfkelch13 gene polymorphism in Africa in the era of emerging Plasmodium falciparum resistance to artemisinin: a systematic review. The Lancet Infectious Diseases 21(4):e82-e92. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30493-X
  17. Beigomi M, Biabangard A, Rohani R (2021) Evaluation of antimicrobial effects of Rosemary and Withania somnifera methanol extract prepared by ultrasound waveform on Escherichia coli biofilm isolated from urinary tract infection. Micro Environer 1(2):17-25. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i01.6670
  18. Beigomi M, shakoory-moghadam V, Biabangard A, Behzadmehr R (2021) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of plant extracts on Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. Micro Environer 1(2):86-92. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i02.6676
  19. Chagona P, Kwamboka N, Gaya H, Makonde H, Adem A, Osano K, Kawaka F (2021) Phytochemical Analysis and Antibacterial Activity of the Kenyan Wild Orchids. Micro Environer 1(2):93-100. doi:https://doi.org/10.54458/mev.v1i02.6677
  20. Simon-Oke IA, Ade-Alao AO, Ologundudu F (2020) The impact of HIV-associated immunosuppression on the Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter gene (PfCRT) of HIV patients in Akure, Nigeria. Bulletin of the National Research Centre 44(1):1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00401-0
  21. Xu C, Wei Q, Yin K, Sun H, Li J, Xiao T, Kong X, Wang Y, Zhao G, Zhu S (2018) Surveillance of antimalarial resistance Pfcrt, Pfmdr1, and Pfkelch13 polymorphisms in African Plasmodium falciparum imported to Shandong Province, China. Scientific reports 8(1):1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-31207-w
  22. Solomon VR, Lee H (2009) Chloroquine and its analogs: a new promise of an old drug for effective and safe cancer therapies. European journal of pharmacology 625(1-3):220-233. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.06.063
  23. Balikagala B, Sakurai-Yatsushiro M, Tachibana S-I, Ikeda M, Yamauchi M, Katuro OT, Ntege EH, Sekihara M, Fukuda N, Takahashi N (2020) Recovery and stable persistence of chloroquine sensitivity in Plasmodium falciparum parasites after its discontinued use in Northern Uganda. Malaria journal 19(1):1-12. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03157-0
  24. Zhao D, Zhang H, Ji P, Li S, Yang C, Liu Y, Qian D, Deng Y, Wang H, Lu D (2021) Surveillance of Antimalarial Drug-Resistance Genes in Imported Plasmodium falciparum Isolates From Nigeria in Henan, China, 2012–2019. Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology 11(Article 644576):1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2021.644576
  25. Agomo CO, Oyibo WA, Sutherland C, Hallet R, Oguike M (2016) Assessment of markers of antimalarial drug resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria. PloS one 11(1):e0146908. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0146908
  26. Mwanza S, Joshi S, Nambozi M, Chileshe J, Malunga P, Kabuya J-BB, Hachizovu S, Manyando C, Mulenga M, Laufer M (2016) The return of chloroquine-susceptible Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Zambia. Malaria journal 15(1):1-6. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1637-3
  27. Oladipo OO, Wellington OA, Sutherland CJ (2015) Persistence of chloroquine-resistant haplotypes of Plasmodium falciparum in children with uncomplicated Malaria in Lagos, Nigeria, four years after change of chloroquine as first-line antimalarial medicine. Diagnostic pathology 10(1):1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13000-015-0276-2
  28. Pathak A, Mårtensson A, Gawariker S, Sharma A, Diwan V, Purohit M, Ursing J (2020) Stable high frequencies of sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine resistance associated mutations and absence of K13 mutations in Plasmodium falciparum 3 and 4 years after the introduction of artesunate plus sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine in Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, India. Malaria journal 19(1):1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-020-03274-w
  29. Menard D, Dondorp A (2017) Antimalarial drug resistance: a threat to malaria elimination. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine 7(7):a025619. doi:https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a025619
  30. Mahende C, Ngasala B, Lusingu J, Yong T-S, Lushino P, Lemnge M, Mmbando B, Premji Z (2016) Performance of rapid diagnostic test, blood-film microscopy and PCR for the diagnosis of malaria infection among febrile children from Korogwe District, Tanzania. Malaria journal 15(1):1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1450-z
  31. Ippolito MM, Moser KA, Kabuya J-BB, Cunningham C, Juliano JJ (2021) Antimalarial drug resistance and implications for the WHO global technical strategy. Current Epidemiology Reports 8(2):46-62. doi:https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-021-00266-5
  32. Khan HM, Kirmani S, Khan PA, İslam U (2016) Prevalence of chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in pregnant females attending North Indian hospital. Eastern Journal Of Medicine 21(2):64-68
  33. Nneji C, Adedapo A, Okorie P, Ademowo P (2015) Chloroquine resistance and host genetic factors among nigerian children with uncomplicated P. falciparum Infection. Arch Med 7(4):1-9
  34. Bello SO, Chika A, Bello AY (2010) Is Chloroquine better than Artemisinin combination therapy as first line treatment in adult Nigerians with uncomplicated malaria? a cost effective analysis. African Journal of Infectious Diseases 4(2):29-42. doi:https://doi.org/10.4314/ajid.v4i2.55145
  35. Adyanthaya S, Jose M (2013) Quality and safety aspects in histopathology laboratory. Journal of oral and maxillofacial pathology: JOMFP 17(3):402. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-029X.125207
  36. García-Alegría AM, Anduro-Corona I, Pérez-Martínez CJ, Guadalupe Corella-Madueño MA, Rascón-Durán ML, Astiazaran-Garcia H (2020) Quantification of DNA through the nanodrop spectrophotometer: methodological validation using standard reference material and Sprague Dawley Rat and human DNA. International journal of analytical chemistry 2020:Article ID: 8896738. doi:https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/8896738
  37. Mogeni P, Williams TN, Omedo I, Kimani D, Ngoi JM, Mwacharo J, Morter R, Nyundo C, Wambua J, Nyangweso G (2017) Detecting malaria hotspots: a comparison of rapid diagnostic test, microscopy, and polymerase chain reaction. The Journal of infectious diseases 216(9):1091-1098. doi:https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jix321
  38. Londono BL, Eisele TP, Keating J, Bennett A, Chattopadhyay C, Heyliger G, Mack B, Rawson I, Vely J-F, Désinor O (2009) Chloroquine-resistant haplotype Plasmodium falciparum parasites, Haiti. Emerging infectious diseases 15(5):735. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1505.081063
  39. Atroosh WM, Al-Mekhlafi HM, Mahdy MA, Surin J (2012) The detection of pfcrt and pfmdr1 point mutations as molecular markers of chloroquine drug resistance, Pahang, Malaysia. Malaria journal 11(1):1-7. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-11-251
  40. Olukosi YA, Oyebola MK, Ajibaye O, Orok BA, Aina OO, Agomo CO, Iwalokun BA, Akindele SK, Enya VN, Okoh HI (2014) Persistence of markers of chloroquine resistance among P. falciparum isolates recovered from two Nigerian communities. Mal World J 5(3):3-6
  41. Aguiar AC, Murce E, Cortopassi WA, Pimentel AS, Almeida MM, Barros DC, Guedes JS, Meneghetti MR, Krettli AU (2018) Chloroquine analogs as antimalarial candidates with potent in vitro and in vivo activity. International Journal for Parasitology: Drugs and Drug Resistance 8(3):459-464. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.002
  42. Zhao Y, Liu Z, Soe MT, Wang L, Soe TN, Wei H, Than A, Aung PL, Li Y, Zhang X (2019) Genetic variations associated with drug resistance markers in asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections in Myanmar. Genes 10(9):1-17. doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/genes10090692
  43. Mittra P, Vinayak S, Chandawat H, Das MK, Singh N, Biswas S, Dev V, Kumar A, Ansari MA, Sharma YD (2006) Progressive increase in point mutations associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from India. The Journal of infectious diseases 193(9):1304-1312. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/502979
  44. Patel P, Bharti PK, Bansal D, Ali NA, Raman RK, Mohapatra PK, Sehgal R, Mahanta J, Sultan AA, Singh N (2017) Prevalence of mutations linked to antimalarial resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from Chhattisgarh, Central India: a malaria elimination point of view. Scientific reports 7(1):1-8. doi:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16866-5
  45. Huang F, Yan H, Xue J-B, Cui Y-W, Zhou S-S, Xia Z-G, Abeyasinghe R, Ringwald P, Zhou X-N (2021) Molecular surveillance of pfcrt, pfmdr1 and pfk13-propeller mutations in Plasmodium falciparum isolates imported from Africa to China. Malaria journal 20(1):1-11. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-021-03613-5
  46. Antony HA, Das S, Parija SC, Padhi S (2016) Sequence analysis of pfcrt and pfmdr1 genes and its association with chloroquine resistance in Southeast Indian Plasmodium falciparum isolates. Genomics data 8:85-90. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gdata.2016.04.010
  47. Folarin O, Gbotosho G, Sowunmi A, Olorunsogo O, Oduola A, Happi T (2008) Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum in Nigeria: relationship between pfcrt and pfmdr1 polymorphisms, in-vitro resistance and treatment outcome. The open tropical medicine journal 1:74-82. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.2174%2F1874315300801010074
  48. Idowu AO, Oyibo WA, Bhattacharyya S, Khubbar M, Mendie UE, Bumah VV, Black C, Igietseme J, Azenabor AA (2019) Rare mutations in Pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum detected in clinical isolates from patients treated with anti-malarial drug in Nigeria. Malaria journal 18(1):1-9. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2947-z
  49. TAS M, Timothy S, Emenike I (2016) Assessment of chloroquine tablets used in the treatment of malaria in northern nigeria. International Journal 7(1):2671-2677
  50. Yang Z, Zhang Z, Sun X, Wan W, Cui L, Zhang X, Zhong D, Yan G, Cui L (2007) Molecular analysis of chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum in Yunnan Province, China. Tropical Medicine & International Health 12(9):1051-1060. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3156.2007.01882.x
  51. Xiao X, Shen J, Wang S, Xiao H, Tong G (2010) The variation of the southwest monsoon from the high resolution pollen record in Heqing Basin, Yunnan Province, China for the last 2.78 Ma. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 287(1-4):45-57. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.013
  52. Ocan M, Akena D, Nsobya S, Kamya MR, Senono R, Kinengyere AA, Obuku EA (2019) Persistence of chloroquine resistance alleles in malaria endemic countries: a systematic review of burden and risk factors. Malaria journal 18(1):1-15. doi:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-019-2716-z
  53. Plummer WB, Pereira LMP, Carrington CV (2004) Pfcrt and pfmdr1 alleles associated with chloroquine resistance in Plasmodium falciparum from Guyana, South America. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 99(4):389-392
  54. Farcas GA, Soeller R, Zhong K, Zahirieh A, Kain KC (2006) Real-time polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and characterization of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria in returned travelers. Clinical infectious diseases 42(5):622-627. doi:https://doi.org/10.1086/500134
  55. Cheruiyot J, Ingasia LA, Omondi AA, Juma DW, Opot BH, Ndegwa JM, Mativo J, Cheruiyot AC, Yeda R, Okudo C (2014) Polymorphisms in Pf mdr1, Pf crt, and Pf nhe1 genes are associated with reduced in vitro activities of quinine in Plasmodium falciparum isolates from Western Kenya. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy 58(7):3737-3743. doi:https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.02472-14
  56. Singh G, Singh R, Urhehar AD (2016) Simple molecular methods for early detection of chloroquine drug resistance in Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR 10(7):DC19. doi:https://dx.doi.org/10.7860%2FJCDR%2F2016%2F18596.8154
  57. Djimdé A, Doumbo OK, Cortese JF, Kayentao K, Doumbo S, Diourté Y, Coulibaly D, Dicko A, Su X-z, Nomura T (2001) A molecular marker for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria. New England Journal of Medicine 344(4):257-263. doi:https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101253440403
  58. Shrivastava SK, Gupta RK, Mahanta J, Dubey ML (2014) Correlation of molecular markers, Pfmdr1-N86Y and Pfcrt-K76T, with in vitro chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum, isolated in the malaria endemic states of Assam and Arunachal Pradesh, Northeast India. PloS one 9(8):e103848. doi:https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0103848
Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports
Volume 2, Issue 1
Cellular, Molecular and Biomedical Reports (Online ISSN: 2823-2550)
March 2022
Pages 42-55
Files
History
  • Receive Date: 05 January 2022
  • Revise Date: 12 February 2022
  • Accept Date: 24 March 2022
Share
How to cite
Statistics