Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Afshin Fathi; Manouchehr Barak; Mahshid Damandan; Firouz Amani; Rouhallah Moradpour; Irada Khalilova; Mehdi Valizadeh
Abstract
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is one of the most common genetic deficiencies that affect approximately 400 million people worldwide. This study aimed to identify neonates with G6PD deficiency in Ardabil province during 2017-2018. This cross-sectional study was conducted on all term and preterm ...
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Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is one of the most common genetic deficiencies that affect approximately 400 million people worldwide. This study aimed to identify neonates with G6PD deficiency in Ardabil province during 2017-2018. This cross-sectional study was conducted on all term and preterm newborns in Ardabil Province from April 2018 to April 2019. The sampling method was census and in study duration, 1044 newborns were entered in the study. For each infant, severe hyperbilirubinemia (total serum bilirubin equal or greater than 300 micromol/L) was tested by the diazo method and G6PD was evaluated by Fluorescent Spot Test (FST). Of all infants, 15 (1.4 %) were diagnosed to have G6PD deficiency by FST. The prevalence of G6PD deficiency was significantly in boys higher than in girls (80% vs. 20%, p=0.001). Of all infants, 97 (9.3%) had jaun dice 72 hours after birth that of them 7 neonates (7.2%) had G6PD deficiency. Results showed that the prevalence of G6PD deficiency in this study was less than in other places in Iran that may be because of different ethnicity and demographic features.
Phytochemistry and Biosynthesis
Ali Salehi-Sardoei; Halimeh Khalili
Abstract
Nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide is a biological active growth regulator that a wide range of studies have recently shown that it acts as a growth regulator (signaling molecule) in plants. As soon as Nitric Oxide (NO) known as a new biological agent in plants and animals, biological branches of sciences ...
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Nitrogen monoxide or nitric oxide is a biological active growth regulator that a wide range of studies have recently shown that it acts as a growth regulator (signaling molecule) in plants. As soon as Nitric Oxide (NO) known as a new biological agent in plants and animals, biological branches of sciences like medicine, biochemistry, physiology and genetics have paid special attention to it. NO is a very reactive gas shape free radical which has attracted much attention during recent years. This compound is produced by the plant and it has increased the shelf life of some fruits, vegetables and cut flowers in low concentrations. NO is mostly synthesized from enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways whose enzymatic biosynthesis pathway is done by reductase nitrate biosynthesis pathway through the cytosol, also it is known as an important and very reactive signaling molecule with short life which is produced by a group of enzymes known as synthesize NO which transforms L-arginine to L-citrulline and NO. It has been revealed that plants use NO as a growth regulator which regulates and modifies antimicrobial defensive responses. Recently, it has been approved that this material plays a vital role in regulating the normal physiological activities of plants such as pores closing, aging, increasing the vase life of cut flowers after harvesting, respiration and photosynthesis, antioxidant enzymes activities and growth.
DNA, RNA, protein components
Masoud Tourang; Le Fang; Yuan Zhong; Ram Chandra Suthar
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers known, and it is also a significant cause of death in women. If breast cancer is diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and treated appropriately, we can see an increase in life expectancy for more than 90% of patients. Research on molecular biomarkers ...
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Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers known, and it is also a significant cause of death in women. If breast cancer is diagnosed in the early stages of the disease and treated appropriately, we can see an increase in life expectancy for more than 90% of patients. Research on molecular biomarkers with enough sensitivity and specificity can be a good solution for rapid diagnosis in the clinical stage. Meanwhile, endogenous retroviral biomarkers can have good functional benefits. Human Endogenous Retroviruses as heterochromatin fragments of the genome usually lack expression, but in several types of human cancers, including breast cancer, HERV-Kenv mRNA is significantly increased. This study used RT-PCR to detect the expression of HERV-K mRNA and tried to introduce screening tools for the early detection of breast cancer. In this case-control study, blood samples of 50 patients with hospitalized breast cancer and 50 healthy individuals were designed to evaluate the expression of HERV-Kenv mRNA using specific primers and were analyzed by RT-PCR. PCR test was optimized as a positive control using Hela cancer cell line (cervical adenocarcinoma), which expresses the HERV-Kenv gene. Studies on both patient and control groups showed that the increase in mRNA expression was positive in 64% of patients with breast cancer and negative in all healthy individuals. The results indicate an increase in the expression of endogenous human retroviruses (HERVs) in breast cancer. Because the amount of HERV-Kenv mRNA in the blood of breast cancer patients increases dramatically, it is predicted that these mobile genetic elements could be used as a diagnostic biomarker.
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Mahendra Rai; Fleming Martinez; Danial Kahrizi; Haroon Khan; Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes; Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho; José Galberto Martins Costa
Abstract
The applications of nanoparticles in various practical fields, owing to their unique properties compared with bulk materials, have been occupying the minds of scientists for several decades. In this regard, a combination of pharmacology and nanotechnology has contributed to producing newer effective ...
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The applications of nanoparticles in various practical fields, owing to their unique properties compared with bulk materials, have been occupying the minds of scientists for several decades. In this regard, a combination of pharmacology and nanotechnology has contributed to producing newer effective anticancer and antimicrobial agents to inactivate resistant cancer cells and microorganisms, specifically multidrug-resistant ones. The physicochemical properties of nanoparticles based on metalloid, metal, and metal oxides such as selenium, silver, gold, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, copper oxide, platinum, and magnesium oxide, have been well known and referred to as anticancer and antimicrobial agents or carriers. The inactivation and eradication of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria may be mainly resulted from the oxidative damages in the bacterial medium. Overall, metalloid, metal and metal oxide NPs can be functionalized by other antibacterial or anticancer agents and biocompatible stabilizers to increase their efficiency in physiological conditions. However, the undesirable cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles in physiological conditions is the major hindrance to their application in the pharmaceutical industry and therapeutics. Nevertheless, it is expected that these problems will be solved in the near future. Therefore, the main objective of this review is to report an overview of the recent signs of progress in increasing anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of metal and metal-based nanoparticles.
Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Ismael Bilal; Sijia Xie; Muna S Elburki; Zahra Aziziaram; Sangar Muhammad Ahmed; Salah Tofik Jalal Balaky
Abstract
Glioblastoma is a fatal brain tumor, and the standard treatment for this cancer is the surgical removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide and radiotherapy. Because chemotherapy has many side effects, the use of compounds extracted from natural herbs, due to fewer side effects, can ...
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Glioblastoma is a fatal brain tumor, and the standard treatment for this cancer is the surgical removal of the tumor followed by chemotherapy with temozolomide and radiotherapy. Because chemotherapy has many side effects, the use of compounds extracted from natural herbs, due to fewer side effects, can be a good alternative or supplement to chemical drugs in cancer treatment. In this study, curcumin (diferuloylmethane), known as the main active ingredient of turmeric, was used to evaluate itscytotoxicity on four human glioblastoma cell lines (U373, U251, D54, and T98G). Among these cell lines, U373 was temozolomide resistance, and T98G was photodynamic treatment resistance. These cell lines were treated with increasing concentrations of diferuloylmethane. Survival percentage was assessed by MTT assay and the trypan blue staining method was used to evaluate the rate of cell death and confirm the results of the MTT assay. The results showed that diferuloylmethane has a cytotoxic effect on U251, D54, and T98G cell lines. This effect was higher in high concentrations of diferuloylmethane on U251 and D54 than on U373. Therefore, according to the results of the current study and further studies, curcumin (diferuloylmethane) can be considered an effective complementary treatment in the treatment of glioblastoma.
Genetic engineering
Hamid Ahani; Soroush Attaran
Abstract
Seabuckthorn has multiple-use properties. This review explores the medicinal applications of Hippophae rhamnoides in healing ailments. The plant is being used in different parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Sea buckthorn-based preparations have been extensively exploited ...
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Seabuckthorn has multiple-use properties. This review explores the medicinal applications of Hippophae rhamnoides in healing ailments. The plant is being used in different parts of the world for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Sea buckthorn-based preparations have been extensively exploited in folklore treatment of slow digestion, stomach malfunctioning, cardiovascular problems, liver injury, tendon and ligament injuries, skin diseases and ulcers. In recent years, the medicinal and pharmacological activities of Seabuckthorn have been well investigated using limited clinical trials. Homeopathy is a well-respected modality to assist wellness. Traditional and modern medicinal experts have been applied this plant to treat various diseases. Seabuckthorn is an important plant because of its immense medicinal and therapeutic potential. However, several knowledge gaps identified in this paper would give impetus to new academic and R&D activities, especially for the development of Sea buckthorn-based herbal medicine and nutraceuticals. Its full application in dermatology may be attributed to the presence of a variety of flavonoids, vitamins, and unsaturated fatty acids. Great use of the plant in the traditional system for dermatological aspects, demands further comprehensive phytochemical work based on its actual use by the traditional population. Anti-inflammation is the most important applicable ingredient of this miracle berry.
Gene Expression Studies
Zahra Aziziaram; Ismael Bilal; Yuan Zhong; Azzadin Kamal Mahmod; Mohammad Reza Roshandel
Abstract
Naproxen is a common analgesic and antipyretic medication that is widely used around the world. This medicine at high doses leads to liver and kidney necrosis in humans and animals. The mechanism of kidney damage, unlike liver damage, is not well understood and is one of the most common causes of emergency ...
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Naproxen is a common analgesic and antipyretic medication that is widely used around the world. This medicine at high doses leads to liver and kidney necrosis in humans and animals. The mechanism of kidney damage, unlike liver damage, is not well understood and is one of the most common causes of emergency department patients. Therefore, in the present study, the protective effect of curcumin, a compound derived from turmeric, was investigated on renal damage caused by naproxen. For this purpose, 25 male Wistar rats were selected and were randomly divided into five groups. Naproxen was dissolved in a 5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution and was injected intraperitoneally at 1000 mg/kg of animal weight. Also, curcumin was dissolved in 5% DMSO and was injected within peritoneum at a dose of 200 mg/kg of animal weight into the relevant groups. After 24 hours of injection, rats were bled and plasma urea and creatinine levels were measured. The rate of lipid peroxidation, the activity of superoxide dismutase and catalase in the kidney, total plasma antioxidant capacity, and PGC-1α gene expression were measured. The results showed that naproxen significantly increased the levels of biochemical markers of urea and creatinine in plasma and lipid peroxidation in the kidney; also, it decreased the activity of the antioxidants enzymes. The use of curcumin in naproxen-exposed groups significantly reduced the concentrations of urea, creatinine, and lipid peroxidation. Curcumin increased the activity of catalase, superoxide enzymes, and the total antioxidant capacity of plasma. Also, curcumin increased the expression of the PGC-1α gene, which reduces the effects of naproxen. Therefore, according to the current study results, curcumin could significantly reduce the harmful effects of naproxen on the kidneys. However, in future studies, the effect of curcumin should be evaluated on the naproxen mechanism in the treatment of those patients who need naproxen.
Gene Expression Studies
Muhammed Furkan Ercisli; Gao Lechun; Sarhang Hasan Azeez; Rebwar Muhammad Hamasalih; Siyan Song; Zahra Aziziaram
Abstract
Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant drug that prevents forming of blood clots. In addition, it can be administered to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases such as atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, heart valve disease, orthopedic surgery, and thrombophilia to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Various ...
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Rivaroxaban is an anticoagulant drug that prevents forming of blood clots. In addition, it can be administered to prevent and treat thrombotic diseases such as atrial fibrillation, cardiac arrhythmia, heart valve disease, orthopedic surgery, and thrombophilia to reduce the risk of thrombosis. Various factors such as age, gender, diet, medications, and genetic factors effectively determine the dose of rivaroxaban. Genetic variability in drug-metabolizing enzymes, including the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes and especially CYP3A4, has been associated with rivaroxaban response. The current study aimed to identify the frequency of CYP3A4 common polymorphisms, as well as their association with rivaroxaban response in 100 patients of Arab descent (48.6% female). CYP3A4 gene polymorphisms were examined by the PCR-RFLP method, and the findings were analyzed by SPSS 16 software and t-test. The frequency of CYP3A4*1B/*1B, CYP3A4*1B/*1A, CYP3A4*1B/*1C, and CYP3A4*1A/*1C was 67.35%, 10.64%, 19.12% and 2.89%, respectively. According to our results, CYP3A4 *1B/*1B genotype was the most common, and patients with CYP3A4*1B/*1B alleles needed a higher daily dose of rivaroxaban than *1B/*1A, *1B/*1C, and *1A/*1C carriers (9.57 ± 1.54 mg/day, P=0.015). Therefore, according to the results, CYP3A4 gene polymorphism has an important effect on the dose of rivaroxaban required to maintain the International Normalized Ratio (INR) in the range of 2-3.
Cell structural and functions
Hamid kheyrodin; Raheba Jami; Fazal Ur Rehman
Abstract
Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. These organisms as eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus along with particular structures called organelles that perform various functions. The plant cell wall can provide a structural framework to support plant ...
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Plant cells are the basic unit of life in organisms of the kingdom Plantae. These organisms as eukaryotic cells have a true nucleus along with particular structures called organelles that perform various functions. The plant cell wall can provide a structural framework to support plant growth and defense the cells against various viral and bacterial pathogens. The cell wall can retain flexibility, also when subjected to developmental, biotic, abiotic stimuli, and stresses it can be efficiently remodeled in response. Genes encoding enzymes are able to fabricate or hydrolyze substances of the plant cell wall exhibit differential expression when subjected to different stresses, suggesting they may facilitate stress tolerance such as heavy metals, dust accumulation, and salty medium through changes in cell composition wall. Bacteria are small single-celled organisms that get the nutrients they need from their environment. Sometimes, this environment can be your child or any other living thing. Bacteria are very small and cannot be seen under a microscope. Bacteria help the digestive system and prevent harmful bacteria from entering the human body as well as some other bacteria are also applied to produce drugs and vaccines. A cell wall as the non-living component can cover the outmost layer of a cell. According to the type of organism, the cell envelope has a different composition. The cell envelope separates the interior contents of the cell from the exterior environment. In addition, it provides shape, support, and protection to the cell and its organelles. However, this cellular component is present exclusively in eukaryotic plants, fungi, and a few prokaryotic organisms. Compounds found in plant cells are absent in animal cells, and DNA base sequences reflect this. Moreover, plant DNA is often larger than animal DNA. In this mini-review, we concluded that the differences between plant and animal DNA defendant on the sequence of bases in the helix.
Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Sarhang Hasan Azeez; Sarwar Nawzad Jafar; Zahra Aziziaram; Le Fang; Ahang Hasan Mawlood; Muhammed Furkan Ercisli
Abstract
Recently, stem cells have been considered renewable cell sources in the treatment of diabetes and the development of insulin-producing cells. In this regard, the current study aimed to compare Insulin-producing cells from bone marrow stem cells with injectable insulin in rats with type I diabetes. For ...
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Recently, stem cells have been considered renewable cell sources in the treatment of diabetes and the development of insulin-producing cells. In this regard, the current study aimed to compare Insulin-producing cells from bone marrow stem cells with injectable insulin in rats with type I diabetes. For this purpose, 40 rats were divided into four groups: the control or healthy group, the diabetic control group, the group that received differentiated insulin-producing cells from bone marrow, and the group that received insulin treatment. To differentiate insulin-producing cells from bone marrow, the femoral bone marrow of rats was extracted using the flushing method. Differentiated cells were evaluated using dithizone-specific dye, anti-insulin-proinsulin antibodies, and anti-insulin beta receptors. Also, the expression of the pdx-I gene, as the specific gene of pancreatic cells, was examined by RT-PCR. The results showed that transplantation of insulin-producing cells could significantly increase blood insulin levels in diabetic rats. This increase intensified in the second stage of transplantation when more cells were injected into rats. Concerning decreasing blood sugar levels, differentiated cells were able to reduce blood sugar levels significantly. Even in the first stage of cell injection, in which the rats received a small number of cells, their blood sugar levels were controlled by these cells. As a result, the present study showed that repeated transplants of insulin-producing cells differentiated from bone marrow could decrease blood sugar and increase insulin levels.
Gene Expression Studies
Ismail Muhammad; Pukuma Micah Sale; Muhammad Khadija Salisu; Tanko Mahmoud Muhammad; Bala Abubakar; Augustine Linda Maidala; Enock Nuwanyada
Abstract
Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falciparum-malaria, but for a long, the drug has been officially withdrawn in almost all malaria-endemic countries including Nigeria, due to the development of resistance by the parasite. Withdrawal of the drug ...
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Chloroquine was one of the most cheapest and effective chemotherapeutic drugs for Plasmodium falciparum-malaria, but for a long, the drug has been officially withdrawn in almost all malaria-endemic countries including Nigeria, due to the development of resistance by the parasite. Withdrawal of the drug may make the drug regains its efficacy. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the presence of Biomarkers associated with chloroquine resistance from Gombe Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria after its withdrawal in 2005. Twenty hundred blood samples were collected from consented study subjects and analysed using Microscopy, RDT and PCR. DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep (No. D4069), Purity and Concentration of the DNA were determined using Nanodrop Spectrophotometer. 57 true positive samples were selected for molecular analysis. Nested PCR was used to amplify the required codon (C72S, M74I, K76T and N75E) position of PCRT the gene of P. falciparum. Both Primary and Secondary PCR was carried out. The PCR products were subjected to electrophoresis in 2% agarose and stained with ethidium bromide. The amplicons were purified and sequenced, after which the sequenced products were subjected to BLAST software. Single Nucleotide Polymorphism was recorded from C72S and K76T with a prevalence of 05(8.80%) and 46(80.70%) respectively. Confirmed biomarkers of Chloroquine resistance are still present in P. falciparum isolate from Gombe L.G.A.
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Mahendra Rai
Abstract
Finding efficient therapeutic strategies to fight antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a complicated affair specifically in the therapy of chronic bacterial infections related to hospital-acquired infections. Recently, three major antibacterial systems based on antisense RNA, CRISPR-Cas9, and metal/metal ...
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Finding efficient therapeutic strategies to fight antibiotic-resistant bacteria is a complicated affair specifically in the therapy of chronic bacterial infections related to hospital-acquired infections. Recently, three major antibacterial systems based on antisense RNA, CRISPR-Cas9, and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles particularly silver (Ag) nanoparticles have shown more effective antibacterial activity compared to conventional antibiotics. ROS generation, attachment to the cell membrane, disruption of bacterial envelop, inactivation of electron transport chain, decreasing the local pH, modulation of cell signaling, and denaturation of biological macromolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids have been found as the main antibacterial functions of Ag nanoparticles. Antisense RNA, a single-stranded RNA, can hybridize with complementary genes in messenger RNA (mRNA) followed by blockage translation of these genes into proteins. Moreover, CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a family of viral DNA sequences derived from bacteriophages, which can target and destroy foreign DNA by nuclease activity. There are 2 classes and 6 subtypes (I-VI) of CRISPR-Cas systems, which may be engineered as potential antibacterial agents to target specific sequences. Therefore, here, recent advances and challenges for the antibacterial application of these three therapeutic agents are presented.
Medical
Razieh Behzadmehr; Khadije Rezaie-Keikhaie
Abstract
Diabetes is one of the most common non-contagious diseases in the world. This disease is the fourth or fifth cause of death in most developed countries. The relationship between tuberculosis and diabetes had been introduced years ago and diabetes is considered a threatening factor in tuberculosis in ...
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Diabetes is one of the most common non-contagious diseases in the world. This disease is the fourth or fifth cause of death in most developed countries. The relationship between tuberculosis and diabetes had been introduced years ago and diabetes is considered a threatening factor in tuberculosis in the research history. Not only tuberculosis is prevalent among diabetic persons, but also diabetes can affect the appearance of imaging of tuberculosis. This is a kind of analytic study, a case-control study, which was carried out between the years 2014 and 2015 in Zabol City. In this study, the radiographic findings from the patients suffering from pulmonary tuberculosis in diabetic patients and not diabetic patients are compared. These radiographic were handed to a radiologist and the radiologic findings of these graphs from the anatomic location (upper and lower half of the right and left bellows), Presence or absence of cavities, nodules, density and pleural involvement were recorded and compared with the diabetic and non-diabetic group. After gathering of the data using SPSS software, descriptive statistics were presented in the form of (frequency, percent) graphs and a chi-square test (p<0.05) was used to analyze and comparing of the results of diabetic and un-diabetic patients. The population of the study consisted of Chest radiographs for 124 TB patients which 61 (49.19 %) were suffering from diabetics. In this study, 45 (71.43%) non-diabetic and 42 (65.85%) diabetic patients were women (p=0.7). There were 12 diabetic TB patients (19.67%) and 3 non-diabetic- TB patients (4.76%) with the consolidation of middle part of left lung (p=0.01) and 8 (13.11%) diabetic TB and 1 (1.59%) non-diabetic TB with reticulonodular infiltration of lower part of left lung (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in the rest of the radiographic results. The findings of this study indicate that reticulonodular infiltration and consolidation of lower &middle parts of the lung in TB diabetic patients is more than in TB non-diabetic patients and diabetes can affect the findings of pulmonary tuberculosis radiography.
DNA, RNA, protein components
Zahraa Khudhair Abbas-Al-Khafaji; Qassim hassan Aubais-aljelehawy
Abstract
Emerging antibiotic resistance in microorganisms particularly multidrug-resistant strains among bacteria are increasing because of misusing antibiotics as well as evolution of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In this regard, Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the six most common multidrug-resistant microorganisms ...
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Emerging antibiotic resistance in microorganisms particularly multidrug-resistant strains among bacteria are increasing because of misusing antibiotics as well as evolution of antibiotic resistance mechanisms. In this regard, Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the six most common multidrug-resistant microorganisms in hospitals. Recently, carbapenems, as common antibiotics to treat infections of Acinetobacter have not an acceptable efficiency because of the resistance emergence to these antibiotics in many strains. In this study, resistant strains of A. baumannii were isolated and identified as an appropriate preventive strategy to reduce infections in hospitals. Disc diffusion test and PCR method were used to isolate of resistant strains and identify beta-lactamase genes of blaAmpC, blaTEM, blaVIM, and blaSHV. This study showed that these genes were contributed in antibiotic resistance with about 18.4% and ≥53.5% strains expressing all 4 genes and ≥3 genes, respectively. The blaAmpC gene is more prevalent than other genes, and this is probably due to the prevalence or rapid transfer of this beta-lactamase. However, more studies should be performed in a comparative way to isolate and identify other antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains relate to other hospitals.
Bioinformatics
Ali Reza Mirzaei; Vida Shakoory-Moghadam
Abstract
Different groups of enzymes and regulatory elements are involved in the synthesis of Ribodioside A, which is one of the most important sweetening compounds in stevia. The UGT family (UDP-glycosyltransferase) is a group of regulatory genes that are very effective in converting steviol glycoside to Ribodioside ...
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Different groups of enzymes and regulatory elements are involved in the synthesis of Ribodioside A, which is one of the most important sweetening compounds in stevia. The UGT family (UDP-glycosyltransferase) is a group of regulatory genes that are very effective in converting steviol glycoside to Ribodioside A. Bioinformatics analyses on this gene family, which included the UGT74G1, UGT76G1, and UGT85C2 genes, showed that the protein encoded by these genes had a UDPGT protected protein domain. Also, the study of the secondary structure of these proteins showed that the total corrosion of these proteins is mainly from alpha-helix and random screws or loops that are connected with linear strands. Also, the study of the secondary structure of these proteins showed that the total corrosion of these proteins is mainly from alpha-helix and random screws or loops that are connected with linear strands. The results of studying the three-dimensional structure of the studied proteins confirmed the previous findings of high genomic similarity between these proteins. The results of the ProtScale program showed that the abundance of amino acids with negative hydropathicity in the sequence of these proteins is high, which is effective in creating plant resistance to drought stress. Finally, the codon preference trend of these proteins was investigated using the sequence manipulation suite database. This information can be used for other research, including the transfer of these proteins.
DNA, RNA, protein components
Nasim Almasian-Tehrani; Masoud Alebouyeh; Shahnaz Armin; Neda Soleimani; Leila Azimi; Roozbeh Shaker-Darabad
Abstract
The main purpose of microbial typing is to evaluate the relationships between microbial isolates. Microbial typing can use for identifying the source of infection by detecting a clonal link between the strains. Moreover, it can analyze outbreaks, antimicrobial-resistant strains, and evaluate the effectiveness ...
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The main purpose of microbial typing is to evaluate the relationships between microbial isolates. Microbial typing can use for identifying the source of infection by detecting a clonal link between the strains. Moreover, it can analyze outbreaks, antimicrobial-resistant strains, and evaluate the effectiveness of control measures so, the efficiency of monitoring systems would increase. HAIs can affect hospitalized patients in all age ranges with any clinical situation, and lead to death. Molecular epidemiology is useful to determine genetic relatedness between isolated pathogens from patients, and design proper prevention plans to prevent infection through the hospital and community. Nowadays, typing methods for a wide range of bacterial strains are known as essential epidemiological tools to prevent and control infections in hospitals and communities. Although basic typing methods were more focused on phenotypic techniques like antibiogram and serotyping, new methods are based on molecular techniques including PCR-based methods and sequencing-based methods. Due to the high frequency of methods, choosing the right one for research applications seems difficult and requires basic knowledge about all of them. In this review, we aim to introduce the most useful and practical molecular typing techniques. Also, their utilization, advantages, and disadvantages were compared.
Medical
Mehdi Doosti-Moghaddam; Hamid Reza Miri; Arezo Ghahghaei; Mohammad Reza Haginegd; Hadi Saboori
Abstract
Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. In this study, the effects of an unripe fruit extract of Momordica charantia on total cholesterol, total triglyceride and lipoproteins in the blood of mice with hyperlipidemia were investigated. In this study, 28 adult ...
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Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. In this study, the effects of an unripe fruit extract of Momordica charantia on total cholesterol, total triglyceride and lipoproteins in the blood of mice with hyperlipidemia were investigated. In this study, 28 adult male Wistar rats weighing 210 to 250 g were selected and randomly divided into four groups of seven. One group was on a normal diet and the other groups were fed a high-fat diet for 8 weeks to develop hyperlipidemia. Experimental groups in this study were included group 1: control, oral administration of normal food without any drugs or extracts. Group 2: hyperlipidemia mice, feeding with normal food. Group 3: hyperlipidemia mice with a diet containing 4%. Group 4: hyperlipidemia mice with a diet containing 8%. The animals were fed by gavage at a dose of 4% and 8% of M. charantia powder solution for 15 days. Blood samples were taken and the level of total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were measured enzymatically. The amount of low-density lipoproteins was calculated by Friedewald's formula. Data were analyzed using the analysis of variance. Experimental results showed that immature fruit powder of M. charantia quarantine significantly reduced serum triglycerides in group 8% mice fed rats fed a high-fat diet. Moreover, immature fruit powder of M. charantia increased the level of high-density lipoproteins. There was a statistically significant difference between the level of cholesterol and the level of low-density proteins (LDL). The highest reduction belonged to the group receiving immature powder. The results of the experiment showed that the unripe fruit extract of M. charantia has strong antilipidemic effects on rats fed with a high-fat diet.
Gene Expression Studies
Qassim hassan Aubais aljelehawy; Layth Hussein Hadi Alshaibah; Zahraa Khudhair Abbas Al- Khafaji
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus contains numerous surface proteins called microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) that mediate binding to host tissues and initiate colonization leading to infection. Virulence genes such as enzymes, toxins, adhesin proteins, cell surface proteins ...
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Staphylococcus aureus contains numerous surface proteins called microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs) that mediate binding to host tissues and initiate colonization leading to infection. Virulence genes such as enzymes, toxins, adhesin proteins, cell surface proteins play an important role in the pathogenicity of S. aureus strains. The distribution and prevalence of virulence genes vary among S. aureus strains in different regions. However, the highest frequency of virulence genes among S. aureus strains is related to toxin genes. There are many PCR methods for detecting these microorganisms such as conventional PCR, multiplex PCR, reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR), and quantitative PCR (qPCR). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the presence of virulence genes among methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. In this study, multiplex PCR technique was applied to determine the presence of virulence genes among MRSA strains. Results showed the frequency of virulence genes among bacterial strains isolated from Al-Najaf Al-Ashraf teaching hospital. In addition, among the strains, hla gene with 91% frequency, exhibited the highest prevalence among pathogenic genes. Sea, mecA, clfB, femA, fnbB, tsst, hlb genes with 88%, 65%, 54%, 45%, 39%, 27% and 13% were in the next ranks, respectively. This investigation showed mecA is a gene found in bacterial cells that allows them to be resistant to antibiotics such as methicillin and other penicillin-like antibiotics.
Nano-Biotechnology
Mehran Alavi; Michael R. Hamblin; M. R. Mozafari; Irwin Rose Alencar de Menezes; Henrique Douglas Melo Coutinho
Abstract
Bacterial infections can be caused by contamination of labile blood products with specific bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hospital equipment, bio-protective equipment, delivery systems, and medical devices can be easily contaminated by microorganisms. Multidrug-resistant ...
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Bacterial infections can be caused by contamination of labile blood products with specific bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Hospital equipment, bio-protective equipment, delivery systems, and medical devices can be easily contaminated by microorganisms. Multidrug-resistant bacteria can survive on various organic or inorganic polymeric materials for more than 90 days. Inhibiting the growth and eradicating these microorganisms is vital in blood transfusion processes. Blood bags and other related medical devices can be improved by the incorporation of organic or inorganic nanomaterials, particularly silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanoparticles. The addition of solid organic or inorganic nanoparticles to synthetic polymers or biopolymers can provide new properties in addition to antimicrobial activity. Among these NPs, formulations composed of SiO2 nanoparticles and polymers have been shown to improve the mechanical and antimicrobial properties of catheters, prosthetic inserts, blood bags, and other medical devices SiO2 nanoparticles possess several advantages, including large-scale synthetic availability, simple one-pot synthesis methods, porous structure for loading antibacterial agents, good biocompatibility, and thermal stability. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride is the main polymer, which has been functionalized by these nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss the recent advances and challenges regarding the functionalization of polyvinyl chloride by SiO2 nanoparticles to hinder bacterial contaminations in blood products.
Nuclear function
Ebrahim Rahbar-Karbasdehi; Fatemeh Rahbar-Karbasdehi
Abstract
A type of viral pneumonia that broke out in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and new strains of it are spreading rapidly around the world, is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The incidence of cardiovascular complications has increased both in the general population and in patients diagnosed ...
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A type of viral pneumonia that broke out in Wuhan, China in December 2019, and new strains of it are spreading rapidly around the world, is called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The incidence of cardiovascular complications has increased both in the general population and in patients diagnosed with the disease during the COVID-19 epidemic. One of the conditions is stress cardiomyopathy, which may be related to COVID-19. During the COVID-19 epidemic, stress cardiomyopathy may be present as a complication of acute infection or as an indirect consequence of quarantine. These conditions have created complications in patient care that have led to increased adverse outcomes, hospitalization, and medical costs. Stress cardiomyopathy is caused by various emotional and physical stressors such as anger, sadness, happiness, surgery, multiple medications, general anesthesia, and infectious diseases. The outbreak of the new coronavirus has posed an ongoing challenge for these patients with several medical and economic consequences. Providing useful information on stress and COVID-19 to people with heart disease and their families can be very important, and also, education and psychotherapy of heart patients can reduce the number of hospitalization and their complications.
Cell, Organ and Tissue Culture
Khadije Saravani; Mahdi Afshari; Alireza Aminisefat; Omid Bameri
Abstract
Changes in blood sugar in poisoning can be one of the most important determinants of the outcome of patients with poisoning. Since poisoning is one of the most common and increasing causes of death worldwide and one of the most critical medical emergencies, this study aimed to investigate changes in ...
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Changes in blood sugar in poisoning can be one of the most important determinants of the outcome of patients with poisoning. Since poisoning is one of the most common and increasing causes of death worldwide and one of the most critical medical emergencies, this study aimed to investigate changes in blood sugar in patients with acute poisoning and how patients' blood sugar can predict the severity and outcome of the disease. The present study was performed on 200 patients with acute drug poisoning referred to the emergency department of Amir Al-Momenin Hospital in Zabol from March 2018 to March 2020. Blood glucose levels of all patients were recorded at the time of admission and every hour to the first 5 hours after admission, and the results were entered in the information form of each patient. Finally, the data were entered into SPSS V22 software and statistically analyzed. The mean age of participants was 23.21 ± 12.80 years, and the minimum and maximum age of patients were 1 year and 77 years, respectively, and only 9.8% of them had a history of diabetes. In this study, the highest rate of intoxication with opioids such as methadone and tramadol was (38%), followed by benzodiazepines (20.5%), NSAIDs (19.5%), and SSRIs (7%) were the most commonly used drugs. The prevalence of hypoglycemia in this study was 3% (6 patients), while no cases of hyperglycemia were reported. In this study, most changes in blood sugar were caused by alcohol poisoning. Also, neuroleptics, NSAIDs, and chemicals had the least changes in blood sugar. However, patients' blood sugar at the beginning of poisoning did not affect patients' prognosis. The present study results showed that changes in blood sugar during treatment during drug intoxication, alcohol, medications(sulfonylurea, glibenclamide), and NSAID are very important, so regular monitoring of blood glucose in intoxication with these cases is essential.
Medical
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi; Hoda Sabati
Abstract
NCP (new coronavirus pneumonia) was discovered in Wuhan towards the end of 2019 and quickly spread throughout the city. The infection was identified as a novel coronavirus, and the World Health Organization (WHO) called it coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Most people with this infection can experience ...
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NCP (new coronavirus pneumonia) was discovered in Wuhan towards the end of 2019 and quickly spread throughout the city. The infection was identified as a novel coronavirus, and the World Health Organization (WHO) called it coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19). Most people with this infection can experience mild to severe and even fatal symptoms after a period of disease incubation of 4 to 14 days. In up to 10% of patients, gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea, as well as associated abdominal discomfort, may occur before respiratory symptoms. Several SARS-CoV-2 variations have been identified during the epidemic, however, only a handful are deemed variants of concern (VOCs) by the WHO due to their worldwide public health effect. In this article, we looked at new mutations in COVID-19 as well as the adverse effects of the virus on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal tract. The discovery of these novel SARS-CoV-2 variations threatens to undo the substantial success made so far in restricting the spread of this viral disease, despite the extraordinary speed with which vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed and vigorous worldwide mass immunization efforts. Through mechanisms involving the dysregulated ACE 2 receptor and TMPRSS2, the SARS-CoV-2 virus has the potential to induce significant systemic disease in the GI tract, liver, biliary tract, and pancreas. Due to the observation of new and daily mutations of this dangerous virus, the definitive treatment of this disease is becoming more and more difficult and facing major challenges that it requires many clinical trials and researches.
Application of medicinal plants in medicine
Shirin Ahmadi
Abstract
Systemic bacterial and fungal infections in recent years due to the increasing number of debilitating diseases immune system such as AIDS, blood malignancies, overdose, corticosteroid drugs, and broad-spectrum antibiotics has been raised. There is a prevalence of acute and subsequent candida infections ...
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Systemic bacterial and fungal infections in recent years due to the increasing number of debilitating diseases immune system such as AIDS, blood malignancies, overdose, corticosteroid drugs, and broad-spectrum antibiotics has been raised. There is a prevalence of acute and subsequent candida infections with drug-resistance properties such as fluconazole. Due to the prevalence and spread of fungal and bacterial diseases, the effort to find treatments has increased more than before. The use of plant compounds for the therapy of fungal and bacterial diseases is effective due to their unique biocompatible and bioavailable. The trend toward new antifungal and antibacterial agents being introduced to the market remains small, while resistance to many antibiotics is emerging, especially in patients receiving long-term treatment. Considering the enormous antimicrobial potentials of natural compounds isolated from plants and endophytes and screening of new antibiotics for various pharmaceutical applications as an alternative source remains largely unknown. Endophytes and medicinal plant species have main primary and secondary metabolites suitable to hindrance or inactivation of pathogens. Recently, various studies about the antibacterial and antifungal activities of these metabolites have been reported. For this purpose, in this review, antibacterial and antifungal activities of endophytes of Pestalotiopsis genus and medicinal plant species of Zingiber and Hydnora genera have been discussed according to recent studies.
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