Medical
Farhad Nalaini; Saleh Salehi Zahabi; Mohadese Abdoli; Elham Kazemi; Mahmood Mehrbakhsh; Salar Khaledian; Reza Fatahian
Abstract
In this review, we will discuss the neuroimaging findings of patients with COVID-19 from the outbreak (late December 2019) to the end of October 2021. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science and the World Health Organization database (January 01, 2020, to October 30, ...
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In this review, we will discuss the neuroimaging findings of patients with COVID-19 from the outbreak (late December 2019) to the end of October 2021. PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, Science Direct, ProQuest, Web of Science and the World Health Organization database (January 01, 2020, to October 30, 2021) were searched for related published articles. In each of the databases, the appendix search strategies were performed and the below keywords were used: COVID-19 ”OR“coronavirus disease 2019” AND “brain MRI” OR “brain magnetic resonance imaging” OR “brain CT” OR “neuroimaging”. In total, neuroimaging findings of 1550 patients, with ages from 1-96 years, were analyzed. Most brain neuroimaging findings include hyperintensity, Cerebral venous thrombosis, intraventricular and subarachnoid hemorrhage, infarction, leukoencephalopathy, acute ischemic strokes and posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) in adult patients and severe encephalopathy, stroke, infarction, CNS infection/demyelination, neuritis or polyradiculitis, venous thrombosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and longitudinally extensive myelitis, and myositis in pediatric patients. Our findings showed that the most important complication of the coronavirus is not just respiratory complications, because although transiently, COVID-19-related brain complications are seen in pediatrics as well as adults, and families should pay more attention to health care.
Medical
Nooshin Amjadi; Maryam Talayeh; Mohadeseh Momeni; Nasrin Mansouri
Abstract
Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) affects 15-20% of term pregnancies. Recent studies have shown that MSAF has adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. There is no scientific consensus on the incidence of fetal distress in MSAF neonates, and most cesarean sections due to MSAF are unnecessary. The present ...
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Meconium-stained amniotic fluid (MSAF) affects 15-20% of term pregnancies. Recent studies have shown that MSAF has adverse effects on neonatal outcomes. There is no scientific consensus on the incidence of fetal distress in MSAF neonates, and most cesarean sections due to MSAF are unnecessary. The present study was conducted to assess umbilical artery blood pH in neonates with MSAF and to examine whether there is a relationship between MSAF and fetal distress. A clinical survey case-control was conducted on the neonates of 200 pregnant women admitted to a delivery unit of the obstetrics and Gynecology center in Amir al-Momenin Hospital, Zabol in 2014. Neonates born with MSAF made up the case group, and the control group consisted of neonates born with clear amniotic fluid. Umbilical cord arterial pH, gestational age, gender, mode of delivery, and one and five-minute Apgar scores were considered in both groups. The mean PH of the umbilical cord artery blood in the infants of the case group was 7.25, and the mean PH of the umbilical cord artery in the infants of the control group was 7.29 (P = 0.93). The mean gestational age in the case and control groups was 40.08 weeks and 38.32 weeks, respectively (P= 0.03). In this study, a cesarean delivery (P=0.001) and female gender (P= 0.016) were higher in the case group than in the control group. MSAF does not necessarily imply fetal distress, so urgent cesarean sections are unnecessary. This study showed that based on the acidity variables of the umbilical cord artery, there is no statistically significant correlation between the Apgar score at the 1st and 5th minute. While a significant difference has been observed between the type of delivery, gestational age and baby's gender
Medical
CH Satish Kumar; Sayoni Roy; Talari Aishwarya; Chilkuri Shashank Setty; Omamah Afreen; Ammapally Maheshwari; Hafsa Ansari
Abstract
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Early detection and treatment of maternal health issues reduce the severity of these issues. This study set out to identify possible risk factors of these conditions and evaluate ...
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Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy are a major public health concern in both developed and developing countries. Early detection and treatment of maternal health issues reduce the severity of these issues. This study set out to identify possible risk factors of these conditions and evaluate current methods of treatment. Throughout the research (6 months), 80 PIH women who met the inclusion criteria were studied in an observational study. Women in their twenties and thirties are more likely to have pregnancy-induced hypertension. Preeclampsia and gestational hypertension in pregnancy are the most common types. Hypertension issues are more common among pregnant women who are more likely to be obese, have had previous pregnancies, and reside in rural areas. Medication for the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension is prescribed and administered regarding drugs used for primary hypertension. Methyldopa and labetalol are examples of first-line treatments. Patients with PIH who are about to give birth are given hydralazine intravenously (IV) or nifedipine orally (P.O.) as a second-line treatment. When providing antihypertensive medicines or any other medications, the well-being of both maternal and fetal is taken into consideration. The risks to both mother and child may be reduced with prompt treatment with additional, safe medications.
Medical
Yang Yang; Yuxue Jiao; Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
Abstract
Protein is an important component of life. Protein modification after translation enriches the diversity of protein, regulates the structure and function of a protein, and participates in more life processes. Recent studies have found that post-translational modifications of proteins can regulate the ...
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Protein is an important component of life. Protein modification after translation enriches the diversity of protein, regulates the structure and function of a protein, and participates in more life processes. Recent studies have found that post-translational modifications of proteins can regulate the occurrence and development of tumors. The human immune system should be able to eliminate cancer cells through an acquired immune response executed by T cells. However, clinical detection of cancer cells often results from the failure of immune surveillance. Therefore, relieving immune suppression and restoring antitumor immune response provides the possibility for tumor therapy. Tumor immunotherapy refers to exogenous intervention of the body's immune system, restart and maintain the "tumor-immune" cycle, restore and improve the anti-immune response of the group, strengthen the recognition and killing ability of tumor cells, so as to achieve the therapeutic effect of controlling or even clarifying the tumor specifically. Here, we review current knowledge of the current status of tumor immunotherapy and the types and effects of post-translational modifications of proteins, hoping to improve new ideas for the types of therapies.
Medical
Yicen Long; Xiaoqiang Du; Zhi Ouyang; Jian Zhong; Ye Zeng
Abstract
Sepsis has remained a high mortality rate worldwide. Endothelial cell dysfunction is closely associated with the development of sepsis. Hydrocortisone has potent immunological and antitoxic effects, and thus it is frequently used in the treatment of septic shock. However, it can also cause respiratory ...
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Sepsis has remained a high mortality rate worldwide. Endothelial cell dysfunction is closely associated with the development of sepsis. Hydrocortisone has potent immunological and antitoxic effects, and thus it is frequently used in the treatment of septic shock. However, it can also cause respiratory damage and death by anaphylaxis. In recent years, the combination of hydrocortisone and other drugs such as vitamin C and thiamine has achieved promising outcomes in refractory septic shock. The present review focuses on the therapeutic effects of hydrocortisone in sepsis and summarizes the mechanisms by which hydrocortisone acted on the vascular endothelial cells. We highlighted the effect of hydrocortisone on anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, improvement of vascular functions, and anti-oxidative stress. We also pointed out that the mechanisms by which the combination therapy with other drugs enhances the effects of hydrocortisone are still unclear and need to be clarified to determine the benefit of the treatment of sepsis.
Medical
Gandu Sravanthi; Kumara Swamy Gandla; Lalitha Repudi
Abstract
A new simple, selective, rapid, precise reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Molnupiravir in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation was made using Symmetry ODS C18 (4.6×150mm, 5µm) column. The ...
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A new simple, selective, rapid, precise reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method has been developed and validated for the estimation of Molnupiravir in bulk and its pharmaceutical dosage form. The separation was made using Symmetry ODS C18 (4.6×150mm, 5µm) column. The mobile phase used contained Methanol. Phosphate Buffer pH-4.2 adjusted with Orthophosphoric acid solution in the ratio of 35:65% v/v in an isocratic mode at a wavelength of 236nm. The mobile-phase flow rate and the sample volume injected were 1 ml/min and 10 μL, respectively. The retention time of Molnupiravir was found to be 2.8 ±0.2mins. A good linear relationship of Molnupiravir r =0.999) was observed over a concentration range of 20 to 100µg/ml of Molnupiravir. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) for Molnupiravir was found to be 2.6µg/ml and 6.35µg/ml. The recovery percentage was observed in the range of 98-102%. The relative standard deviation for the precision study was found <2%. The developed method is simple, precise, specific, accurate and rapid, making it suitable for the estimation of Molnupiravir in bulk and marketed pharmaceutical dosage form. It was concluded that in the present developed RP- HPLC method is simple, rapid, and accurate, hence can be used for routine quality control analysis in the Pharmaceutical industry.
Medical
CH Satish Kumar; Keshamoni Anusha; Rajoli Priyanka; Medipally Gowthami; Kaneez Fathima; Syed Sadiya Riaz; Bujagouni Swapna
Abstract
More than 75% of women have uterine fibroids (leiomyomas), which may have major morbid effects. By far, they are the main reason for a hysterectomy. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts make up the complicated cellular assemblage known as fibroids. They generally develop from somatic mutations, most often ...
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More than 75% of women have uterine fibroids (leiomyomas), which may have major morbid effects. By far, they are the main reason for a hysterectomy. Smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts make up the complicated cellular assemblage known as fibroids. They generally develop from somatic mutations, most often MED12, and are rich in the extracellular matrix. They provide chances to investigate fundamental mechanisms due to their lack of inhibition of growth and their capacity to display aspects of malignancy while remaining histologically and physiologically benign. The processes behind the genesis and evolution of leiomyomas remain a mystery. In the current research, 102 individuals were found, 12 of whom were removed for a variety of reasons, and 90 patients' data were analyzed. Age prevalence is evaluated in the topic, and risk factors, pharmaceutical therapy, surgical alternatives, and consequences are examined. According to this research, women between the ages of 31 and 40 are more likely to develop uterine fibroids, and age, obesity, and hormone imbalance are risk factors. Anti-fibrinolytic agents are a first-line therapy in the pharmacological management of menstrual bleeding. Hysterectomy is the recommended surgical procedure for the treatment of uterine fibroids. Our research found that excessive or prolonged bleeding and unfavourable pregnancy outcomes were the main symptoms. This research shows that uterine fibroids have a major influence on one's quality of life.
Medical
Reginaldo Gon De Lima-Neto; Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a fungal disease, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting mainly rural workers. It is characterized by chronic skin lesions that may vary from nodular, tumorous, verrucous or plaque type. Associated constitutional symptoms are rarely found. The histological ...
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Chromoblastomycosis (CBM) is a fungal disease, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions, affecting mainly rural workers. It is characterized by chronic skin lesions that may vary from nodular, tumorous, verrucous or plaque type. Associated constitutional symptoms are rarely found. The histological presentation may yield a pathognomonic feature, the Medlar (sclerotic) bodies, in which a typical brown to black pigment is depicted, explaining “copper pennies” as its alias. In this article, the case of a 56-year-old woman in the countryside of Brazil is reported; whose main complaint was a chronic leg ulcer for the past 8 years. On the left leg, a large, partially ulcerated plaque lesion was found. Microbiological cultures were positive for the pathogen. Histological analysis demonstrated pseudoepitheliomatous hyperplasia, lymphohistiocytic infiltrate and sclerotic bodies (“copper pennies”). CBM’s epidemiological panorama, once established uniquely by geographical distribution, is transitioning to a global health issue, influenced by immunosuppressive conditions, global warming and migration. This scenario demands CBM to be widely considered as a differential diagnosis and may represent a clinical challenge in regions whose professionals have little expertise in infectious tropical diseases.
Medical
Ismail Muhammad; Pukuma Mikah Sale; Tanko Mahmoud Muhammad; Ali Rufai; Augustine Linda Midala; Bala Abubakar
Abstract
Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication of malaria infection. Apart from the gold standard technique (Microscopy), numerous diagnostic techniques perform a similar function to microscopy and in most cases tend to have varying sensitivity and specificity, ...
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Successful malaria diagnosis is the mainstay of successful treatment, prevention and eradication of malaria infection. Apart from the gold standard technique (Microscopy), numerous diagnostic techniques perform a similar function to microscopy and in most cases tend to have varying sensitivity and specificity, especially when compared with the gold standard technique. Therefore this study aimed to determine the Performance and accuracy of SD Bioline Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) (Rapid Diagnostic Test kit) to Gold standard (Microscopy). A total of two hundred (200) samples were collected from the consented study subjects and analyzed using RDT and Giemsa staining technique. The result revealed an overall prevalence of 132(66.0%) and 167(83.5%) respectively by RDT and Microscopy, where 115 (57.5%) were true positive, there was no significant difference between the two techniques (P> 0.05, df= 1, χ2 = 3.695). The RDT recorded a sensitivity and specificity value of 68.86% and 48.48% respectively with a positive predictive value of 87.78% and a negative predictive value of 23.53%. The RDT recorded an overall accuracy of 0.66. The Rapid Diagnostic test kit used in the present demonstrated a high level of sensitivity and positive predictive value with relatively low specificity and negative predictive value. Regular checks on the Performance and accuracy of all brands of RDT should be conducted as their perform
Medical
Haider Majid Haider Al-Zaidi; Fatemehsadat Mousavinasab; Nika Radseresht; Ali Reza Mirzaei; Yasaman Moradi; Mohammad Mahmoudifar
Abstract
Deafness can occur due to damage to the ear, especially the inner ear. In other cases, the cause is a heterogeneous genetic abnormality and is caused by the changes that occur in the genes involved in the hearing process. Mutations in GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes are one of the most important causes of deafness ...
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Deafness can occur due to damage to the ear, especially the inner ear. In other cases, the cause is a heterogeneous genetic abnormality and is caused by the changes that occur in the genes involved in the hearing process. Mutations in GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes are one of the most important causes of deafness in the world, which causes syndromic and non-syndromic hereditary hearing loss. The purpose of this study is to investigate GJB2 and SLC26A4 genes related to genetic syndromes of deafness and bioinformatic analysis at the genome and proteome level and to evaluate and compare the expression of these genes in different tissues of the human body. For this purpose, tools related to bioinformatics analysis such as UCSC and OMIM databases were used. One of the common genetic syndromes caused by mutations in these genes is pendred syndrome. The clinical symptoms of this disease are weight gain, constipation, dry skin, and hair, decreased energy, sleepiness, bulging belly, decreased body temperature, and slow growth. This disease does not currently have a specific treatment, so it is very important and fundamental to investigate the genetic factors affecting this disease. The results of this research showed that the transfer of potassium, sodium, and chlorine ions as well as the mutation in the SLC26A4 gene, which is responsible for the synthesis of pendrin protein, is very effective in the occurrence of pendred syndrome. To diagnose pendred syndrome more accurately, molecular methods should be used in genetic tests. The results of comparing the expression profiles of these two genes showed that the difference in the expression of these two genes is very high and, in general, the expression of the SLC26A4 gene in the body is very low. Because people with hearing loss have other problems including damage to other parts of the body such as the heart, kidneys, or eyes. Knowing the genetic cause in these cases allows the doctor to be aware of problems in other systems as well.
Medical
Shahnam Azizi Dargahlou; Marcello Iriti; Mahin Pouresmaeil; Lucky Poh Wah Goh
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are, small (roughly 19–25 nucleotides in length), conserved, non-coding, single-stranded, and functional RNA molecules with the properties of gene expression regulation through mRNA degradation, translation repression, mRNA deadenylation as well as gene silencing via histone methylation. ...
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MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are, small (roughly 19–25 nucleotides in length), conserved, non-coding, single-stranded, and functional RNA molecules with the properties of gene expression regulation through mRNA degradation, translation repression, mRNA deadenylation as well as gene silencing via histone methylation. They even have the ability to increase gene expression levels. The biogenesis of miRNAs is divided into two canonical and non-canonical pathways. The second pathway has a divergent mechanism for the biogenesis of miRNAs. miRNAs can be transcribed from specific genes or introns of protein-coding genes. A single miRNA species can control the expression of hundreds of genes, and also one gene can be the target of different miRNAs. These molecules have been identified in eukaryotic organisms such as mammals and plants and even in viruses. miRNAs play an inevitable role in the life cycle of eukaryotic cells. They are involved in any biological processes such as the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, apoptosis, signaling, and defense responses through their spatio-temporal expression manner. Aberrant expression of miRNAs is involved in a large number of biological disorders, which illustrates their great potential to be applied in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. miRNA inhibitors (anti-miRs) and artificial miRNAs (miRNA mimics) are two general approaches to balance the dysregulated miRNA levels that make it possible to treat various biological disorders. In this study, in general, the biogenesis and the role of miRNAs, the origin of miRNAs, viral miRNAs, miRNA detection procedures, in silico miRNA analysis tools, miRNA-based therapies and their obstacles, and miRNAs as potential non-invasive biomarkers are discussed. Finally, it is stated the importance of dietary miRNAs.
Medical
Naghmana Kanwal; Othman Rashid Al Samarrai; Haider Majid Haider Al-Zaidi; Ali Reza Mirzaei; Mohammad Javad Heidari
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the RNA level. MicroRNAs have positive regulatory effects on protein translation processes and often induce their performance by binding to the 3'-UTR mRNA region. Also, microRNAs are involved in various cellular ...
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MicroRNAs (miRNA) are a group of small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression at the RNA level. MicroRNAs have positive regulatory effects on protein translation processes and often induce their performance by binding to the 3'-UTR mRNA region. Also, microRNAs are involved in various cellular processes, including development, cell division, cell signaling, and cell growth, and generally play an effective role in the cell cycle and control of physiological processes and cell pathology. Several studies confirm that microRNAs play an important role in the initiation and progression of cancer, and many of them act as oncogenes and tumor suppressors. On the other hand, microRNAs are important stimulating factors that can act as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of various types of cancer, and in many cases, the occurrence of mutations in microRNAs and open-reading templates can lead to cancer. MicroRNAs also play an effective role in regulating gene expression. Biological studies have shown that about 30% of all genes and the majority of genetic pathways are regulated by microRNAs. In general, microRNAs and their target molecules are potential biological goals for primary screening, targeted treatment, and pharmaceutical resistance, and identifying them provides a clear prospect for a better understanding of the pathways leading to cancer.
Medical
Xiaolei Li; Mohammad Reza Mohammadi
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the value of red blood cell distribution width (RDW), prealbumin (PA), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. There was 500 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, 250 polyps of colorectal ...
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This study was designed to investigate the value of red blood cell distribution width (RDW), prealbumin (PA), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. There was 500 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients, 250 polyps of colorectal patients, and 250 healthy volunteers performed to complete blood counts with automated differential counts. The differences in RDW, PA, PLR, and CEA among the three groups were statistically significant (P<0.05). RDW, PA, PLR, CEA, and RDW+PA+PLR+CEA all had a high accuracy rate for the diagnosis of colorectal cancer. RDW, PA, PLR, CEA, and RDW+PA+PLR+CEA were divided into high-expression groups and low-expression groups according to ROC cut-off values. Age was statistically different between the high and low groups in RDW, PA, and CEA. M staging was statistically different between high and low groups in CEA, and PLR. T staging was statistically different between high and low groups in PA, CEA, PLR, and RDW+PA+CEA+ PLR. N staging and blood vessel invasion were statistically different between the high and low groups in CEA. TNM staging was statistically different between high and low groups in PA, CEA, PLR, and RDW+PA+CEA+PLR. Perineural invasion was statistically different between the high and low groups in PA and CEA. The number of lymph node metastases was significantly and positively correlated with CEA. CEA and PLR were independent risk factors for the TNM staging. And they had good diagnostic efficacy for the TNM staging of colorectal cancer.
Medical
Neeli Sumanth; Paspula Soumya; Asma Tabassum; Pothuganti Mamatha; Gunti Yamini; Kodhiripaka Meghamala; Ganganamoni Pravalika
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, co-morbidities, pharmacological therapy, and effectiveness of common lifestyle changes for metabolic dysfunction in women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and related comorbidities in the gynaecology division. This 6-month prospective ...
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The purpose of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, co-morbidities, pharmacological therapy, and effectiveness of common lifestyle changes for metabolic dysfunction in women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and related comorbidities in the gynaecology division. This 6-month prospective observational study of 120 PCOS patients who were gynaecology patients at a tertiary care hospital was conducted from September 2021 to February 2022. An interview with the patient was done using an assessment form. This study highlighted the supportive evidence among PCOS patients for the advantages of changing one's lifestyle. This study involved 90 PCOS individuals out of a total of 120 participants, many of them were in the 20–30 age group. This research analyses the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease co-morbidities and demonstrates that a high BMI is the most common risk factor for PCOS. The findings of our study indicate the necessity of evaluating the complications seen in individuals who are at risk, such as infertility. This line of research demonstrates the critical impact that medication and lifestyle modifications play in managing PCOS. Patients with the polycystic ovarian syndrome should get advice regarding lifestyle modifications from a clinical pharmacist.
Medical
Kodipelly Ramana Raju; Afreen Sharifa; Paspula Soumya; Rumana Khanam; Koyala konda Banda Sanjay Bhargav
Abstract
The objective of the study is to compare and evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin (group – A) versus rosuvastatin (group – B) on baseline parameters like lipid profile tests and to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome using a Mets calculator. A total of 100 patients were enclosed in the ...
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The objective of the study is to compare and evaluate the efficacy of atorvastatin (group – A) versus rosuvastatin (group – B) on baseline parameters like lipid profile tests and to assess the risk of metabolic syndrome using a Mets calculator. A total of 100 patients were enclosed in the present study who met the inclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups based on their treatment plan Group A includes 24 males and 26 females while Group B includes 23 males and 27 females. The mean differences before treatment for group A and group B are as follows, HDL (31.52±0.35 and 28.34±0.480), LDL (161.4±1.09 and 163.16±0.94), Total cholesterol (252.82±1.09 and 255.56±1.26) and Triglycerides (214.2±0.86 and 215.98±0.62), VLDL (35.98±0.56 and 36.12±0.43). The mean differences after treatment for group A and group B are as follows HDL (39.92±0.46 and 42.04±0.30), LDL (144.96±0.68 and 138.34±0.73), Total cholesterol (181.48±1.98 vs 174.32±2.08), Triglycerides (185.94±1.22 vs 181.74±1.77), VLDL (27.14±0.21 and 24.72±0.27). Group B (P=0.001) exhibited a significantly greater reduction in cholesterol levels as compared to Group A (P = 0.002). The reductions in LDL, VLDL, Total Cholesterol, and Triglycerides along with increased HDL levels were found to be significantly more in the Rosuvastatin group. In this study, we observed that patients on Rosuvastatin exhibited better control over lipid profile when compared to patients who are on Atorvastatin. Since, this study was conducted on a smaller number of patients, to make consecutive remarks about the superiority of either of the treatment regimen; further analysis of clinical trials is required for appropriate selection of the best statin therapy.
Medical
Musa Yakubu Tula; Joel Filgona; Serah Erold Kyauta; Richard Elisha
Abstract
The ability of the bacterial isolate to cause debilitating effects on the host is intricate and is a function of many factors, particularly that of the host and the bacteria. Among the bacterial factors are the virulence mechanisms. As such this research was a cross-sectional study conducted between ...
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The ability of the bacterial isolate to cause debilitating effects on the host is intricate and is a function of many factors, particularly that of the host and the bacteria. Among the bacterial factors are the virulence mechanisms. As such this research was a cross-sectional study conducted between October–December 2021 to establish the existence of virulence determinants on bacterial isolates from hospital fomites and the hands of healthcare workers. To achieve this, 100 samples (including sink, beddings, door handles, benches, and hands of healthcare workers) from children, female and male wards of Mubi General Hospital were analyzed for bacterial growth and were identified by standard procedure. Isolates were subsequently screened for virulent determinants (hemolysis, hemagglutination, biofilm production, and heteroresistance) phenotypically by standard methods. From the 72 bacterial isolates recovered, 23(31.9%) were biofilm-producing organisms. Of these, 15(20.8%) and 8(11.1%) were moderate and high biofilm-producing organisms respectively with no statistical difference (P=0.665). Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13.9%) was the most predominant biofilm-producing organism. Furthermore, hemolysin production was predominant in Staphylococcus aureus (71.4%), while positive hemagglutination reaction was predominant in P. aeruginosa (38.5%). Sixteen (16) bacterial isolates showed heteroresistance (HR) to various antibiotics; of these, Escherichia coli (43.8%) constitute the majority of the isolates. The expression of such virulence determinants by bacterial isolates in the study area may constitute a health risk to patients and hamper the quality of health care delivery.
Medical
Hateme Alavi; Farzaneh Zaheri; Roonak Shahoei
Abstract
Childbirth is one of the most important experiences in the life of mothers, which can bring tensions and worries due to physical and psychological changes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the amount of support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth in mothers ...
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Childbirth is one of the most important experiences in the life of mothers, which can bring tensions and worries due to physical and psychological changes. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the amount of support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth in mothers who were referred to comprehensive health centers in Bijar County, in 2019. In this descriptive-analytical study, the studied population consisted of all the mothers who were referred to the comprehensive health centers of Bijar, who had passed 28 days after giving birth. The participants in the study were available to choose and completed the questionnaires for support and control during childbirth and attachment after birth. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software version 22 and multiple regression statistical tests, and a significance level of p<0.05 was considered. The results of the study showed that the level of support and control during childbirth was 83.32±17.038 and the level of attachment after birth was 47.70±4.688. Also, the results of the study showed that none of the investigated demographic variables were related to support and control during childbirth. The type of delivery (vaginal delivery with episiotomy r=-2.226, p=0.012) and the baby's gender (r=9.927, p=0.047) were related to support and control during delivery. Also, the results showed that among the demographic variables examined with attachment after birth, the variable of income (equal to monthly expenses r=6.307, p=0.01) had a positive and significant relationship with attachment after birth. The findings showed that support and control are at a moderate level and attachment after birth is at an average level, so it seems that with the necessary training on the importance of mother and child attachment to medical personnel, an effective step can be taken to improve these two factors and their consequences.
Medical
Namrata Malik; Umesh Pravin Dhuldhaj
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of coronavirus turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge socio-economic and human losses becoming a public health emergency. It took just 3-4 months to spread and encroach all over the world and not even a single country is left was unaffected by the coronavirus. WHO started clinical, ...
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The sudden outbreak of coronavirus turned into a pandemic and resulted in huge socio-economic and human losses becoming a public health emergency. It took just 3-4 months to spread and encroach all over the world and not even a single country is left was unaffected by the coronavirus. WHO started clinical, epidemiological, and laboratory investigations in response to this outbreak to control the further spread of the virus. The coronaviruses are enveloped and pleomorphic. The spike proteins present on the virus surface mediate its entry into host cells. The vaccines recommended have been shown to reduce COVID-19 illness symptoms but somehow their role in the transmission of the disease is unclear. By contrast, immunomodulatory therapy has also benefitted patients. As long as SARS-CoV-2 spreads in the population there are chances of its mutation as RNA viruses mutate over time and its upcoming variants. The previous Delta variant and the latest Omicron variant may cause much more serious deaths and health issues. Variants reduce the effectiveness of monoclonal antibodies or antibodies generated by previously administered vaccines. This review focuses on the pathogenicity of coronavirus and various drug therapies available to date to cure the disease. The present study also highlights the target sites and side effects of available drugs for treating COVID-19.
Medical
Poluri Koteswari; Pilly Aishwarya Lakshmi; Mohammed Yaseen; Sameera sultana; Amena Tabassum; Paspula Soumya; Aasimah Kawkab
Abstract
The main aim of the study was to identify factors associated with preterm birth. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020 in 1607 women at SVS Medical College and Hospital, and Sushrutha Hospital, Mahabubnagar and it eventually selected 80 pregnant women for ...
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The main aim of the study was to identify factors associated with preterm birth. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020 in 1607 women at SVS Medical College and Hospital, and Sushrutha Hospital, Mahabubnagar and it eventually selected 80 pregnant women for the final experiment. Those pregnant women who had pre-eclampsia, intrahepatic cholestasis during pregnancy, placenta previa or chorioamnionitis were more likely to experience pre-term birth. A patient interview was conducted in a detailed manner and all the necessary information regarding the mother and the infant were collected to carry out the study. Among 80 patients, collected the highest number of 39 cases i.e. 49% in between the age group of 17-23 years and the least number of cases therefore 19 i.e. 24% in between the age group of 35-45 years. We studied that maternal variable such as social status and educational status also impacts deliveries. Alcoholics had the highest number of very pre-term deliveries i.e., 36.25%. And among undergraduates, moderate preterm deliveries were a predominant number, i.e. 38.75%. Among the cases collected, 22.5% of women who have previous abortions had the highest number of preterm births with 31 cases and 5% of women with thyroid had the least number of pre-term births. 41% of preemie births were observed in the gestational gap of < 18 months, while 24% were recorded in > 30 months. In between two types of deliveries, 69% of preemie births were observed in the cesarean section and normal delivery includes 31%. The results of our study reveal that there is a need to assess the causes and complications among pregnant women who are at risk of delivering a premature baby. We have concluded that counseling the patients about their risk factors is necessary, and the patients should be told that harmful social habits will have a huge impact on their baby, before or after the delivery.
Medical
Musa Yakubu Tula; Joel Filgona; Musa Sale Pukuma
Abstract
This systematic review appraised the current status of DEC in Nigeria from the year 2000 to August 2022 with regards to their prevalence, pathotypes distribution, and dominance within the 6 geopolitical zones. Three research databases (AJOL, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were explored for articles of interest. ...
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This systematic review appraised the current status of DEC in Nigeria from the year 2000 to August 2022 with regards to their prevalence, pathotypes distribution, and dominance within the 6 geopolitical zones. Three research databases (AJOL, PubMed, and Google Scholar) were explored for articles of interest. From the outcome of the search, 19 full-length research articles from January 2000 to August 2022 that described the prevalence of DEC by molecular technique were recruited into the study. The results show that the studies of DEC were higher in the southern (52.63%) than in the northern (47.37%) region. Based on specimen types, 47.37% (9/19) and 52.63% (10/19) articles documented DEC from non-clinical and clinical sources, respectively. From the clinical sources, 70% of the studies targeted children of less than five years of age for the detection of DEC. The mean prevalence of DEC in Nigeria stands at 18.8%. The regional prevalence varies with the highest in the SW (32.57%) and the lowest in the NC (10.07%). The relationship between the prevalence of DEC to age group, gender, sample sources (clinical or non-clinical), study design (experimental and control groups), and regional differences were examined using odd ratios and chi-square statistics. Significance differences (P=0.0001) were obtained for all the parameters except gender which shows a lack of significant difference (P=0.1129). The most prevalent DEC pathotype was EAEC pathovar (44.62%) and the least was DAEC (2.23%). The regional distribution of the DEC pathotypes varies with the type of sample (clinical and non-clinical). Hybrid pathotypes were detected and constitute 4.89 % of the total DEC detected. The most prominent hybrid detected was EAEC/ETEC (39.13%). In that order, the DEC pathotypes were mostly resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, cotrimoxazole, and tetracycline, but were mostly susceptible to imipenem, gentamycin, and ofloxacin. We, therefore, advocate regular or periodic surveillance of DEC, and their drug resistance pattern, which will be useful to clinical personnel in their choice of a treatment regimen.
Medical
Farzaneh Fazeli; Masumeh Ahanjan
Abstract
Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disease, is recognized as the most frequent disorder in the endocrine system with hyperglycemia dealing with either insulin resistance or insufficiency or both. This disease is usually associated with numerous acute and chronic complications. Also, the treatment of diabetes ...
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Diabetes, a chronic metabolic disease, is recognized as the most frequent disorder in the endocrine system with hyperglycemia dealing with either insulin resistance or insufficiency or both. This disease is usually associated with numerous acute and chronic complications. Also, the treatment of diabetes complications has imposed a heavy financial burden on most societies. During the last decade, pancreatic islet transplantation has been widely studied as a potential therapy for diabetes. Of course, due to its limitations removing pancreatic cells from the corpse is very difficult. Stem cells are renewable cellular sources that are proposed as a substitute for organ transplantation. These cells which can be found in almost all multicellular organisms are capable of division and transforming into highly specialized cells, they can also replace injured and lost cells. The possibility of using stem cells in diabetes therapy and building insulin-producing islets has long been considered by most scientists and can be a future hope for controlling diabetes. Interestingly, human stem cells derived from hematopoietic organs, liver, pancreas, and embryonic human stem cells are among these factors. In this article, a series of studies carried out on this field is briefly reviewed.
Medical
Hasan Kamel Alsaedy; Ali Reza Mirzaei; Redha Alwan Hasan Alhashimi
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most complex and common diseases affected by many factors. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the genetic characteristics of cancer, among which we can mention lncRNA Long Non-Coding RNAs, which effectively eliminate cancer tumors. LncRNAs are non-coding protein ...
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Cancer is one of the most complex and common diseases affected by many factors. In recent years, many studies have been conducted on the genetic characteristics of cancer, among which we can mention lncRNA Long Non-Coding RNAs, which effectively eliminate cancer tumors. LncRNAs are non-coding protein transcripts with a length of more than 200 nucleotides that react with other molecules through their unique structure and affect many cellular processes and chemical reactions in this way; they act as tumor suppressors and oncogenes in tumorigenic responses. On the other hand, lncRNAs play an essential role in cell proliferation, apoptosis, regulation of gene expression at different epigenetic levels of transcription, post-transcription, and interaction of molecules with other vital factors such as DNA, proteins, and other RNAs. Some lncRNAs can react with enzymes that change the state of chromatin and increase the transcriptional activity of some genes or turn off another group of genes. Also, lncRNAs are present in essential processes such as directing ribonucleoprotein complexes, regulating alternating processing, and maintaining the state of multipotency. Examining the function of lncRNAs has greatly impacted the early diagnosis and treatment of cancer cells. This review closely examines recent research on the use of lncRNAs in progression as clinical biomarkers and promising therapeutic targets in cancer.
Medical
Ismail Muhammad; Pukuma Micah Sale; Tanko Mahmoud Mohammed; Saleh Zaliha Miyim; Asiya Muhammad Usman
Abstract
Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using recommended diagnostic techniques. These available techniques often have certain peculiarities and mode applications, thus making them have different levels of performance and accuracy. Therefore the aim of ...
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Malaria control and its elimination heavenly depend on successful and reliable diagnosis using recommended diagnostic techniques. These available techniques often have certain peculiarities and mode applications, thus making them have different levels of performance and accuracy. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of PCR in relation to Rapid Diagnostic Test Kit (SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50)) in malaria diagnosis. A total of 200 blood samples were collected from the consented study subjects using the vein puncture technique and analysed using PCR and RDTs. Plasmodium falcifarum’s DNA was extracted using Quick-DNA™ Miniprep Plus Kit with catalog number D4069. 18SrRNA gene of Plasmodium falciparum from chromosome 13 was amplified using the two primers. For the RDTs technique, the SD Bio line Malaria Ag P.f (05fk50) test kit was used. Malaria prevalence of 106(53.0%) and 132(66.0%) were recorded using PCR and RDTs respectively. The PCR demonstrates an overall accuracy of 0.53 with sensitivity and specificity values of 56.06 and 52.94% respectively. The negative and positive predictive values were 69.81 and 38.30% respectively. PCR demonstrated a good level of performance and is therefore recommended as an effective diagnostic tool for malaria, especially in patients where the parasite density/parasitaemia level is very low.
Medical
Palle Rishitha Reddy; Golla Poojitha; Sandaram Kavitha; Syeda Lubna Samreen; Ayman Naseer; Poluri Koteswari; Paspula Soumya
Abstract
The study aimed to assess established and non-established risk factors and drug therapy problems in the cardiology department and perform a Prospective Observational Study. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020 in 200 patients with established heart diseases ...
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The study aimed to assess established and non-established risk factors and drug therapy problems in the cardiology department and perform a Prospective Observational Study. The study was conducted for a period of 6 months from September 2019 to February 2020 in 200 patients with established heart diseases attending a tertiary care hospital in the cardiology department. A patient interview was conducted using an evaluation form. Among 100 patients with established cardiovascular diseases that were engaged in this study, a high number of patients were males and the majority of the patients were in the age group ‘Between’ 41-60 years. This study shows smoking and alcohol consumption is the most common risk factors in males, hypertension was the mainly 'established' risk factor for cardiovascular disease followed by Angina and Myocardial infarction. Among non-established risk factors, CKD was the main risk factor in cardiovascular disease followed by cardiovascular accidents. ACE Inhibitors and BB are the drugs mainly used in cardiovascular diseases followed by statins and diuretics. This study throws light on the statistical evidence among the age group and gender risk factors, and drug utilization. In the course of this study use of drug pattern was as follows: Anticoagulants are used in (29%) patients, ACE in (22.5%) patients, Antiplatelets in (68%) patients, diuretic in (34%) patients, Statins in (57%) patients, BB in (67.5%) patients, PPI in (22%) patients, CCB in (19.5%) patients, Nitrates (26.5%) patients, OHA (25%) patients. Similar findings in other studies (Blessy Rachel Thomas) (26) on drug therapy usage were found. There is a need to assess both non-established and established risk factors among patients with established heart diseases as in this study, CKD and HTN were the most common peril and counsel patients about their risk factors and social habits and lifestyle changes. There is a need for a clinical pharmacist to counsel about lifestyle changes and assess drug therapy utilization patterns in cardiac patients.
Medical
Mohammad Reza Mohammadi; Amir Hossein Omidi; Hoda Sabati
Abstract
SARS-CoV- 2 is the causative agent of the global pandemic, also known as Covid-19. This virus belongs to a group of coronaviruses and has affected more than ten million people across the globe, causing nearly half a million deaths worldwide. The pandemic has spread worldwide, originating in the Wuhan ...
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SARS-CoV- 2 is the causative agent of the global pandemic, also known as Covid-19. This virus belongs to a group of coronaviruses and has affected more than ten million people across the globe, causing nearly half a million deaths worldwide. The pandemic has spread worldwide, originating in the Wuhan Hubei province of China in 2019. The disease is a significant challenge as there is no antiviral treatment. This review will address current trends and emerging new methods for detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the laboratoryat present. Reverse transcriptase PCR or RT-PCR is the gold standard for detecting SARS-CoV-2 disease. The seroprevalence of Covid-19 is performed using antibody detection tests using ELISA and antigen detection as rapid tests. In clinical practice, preliminary disease identification is made based on Chest radiographs, computed tomography, and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. As the pandemic has progressed, newer methods of detection like CRISPR, nanotechnology-enabled solutions, and biosensors have emerged as new methods of detecting SARS-CoV-2.
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